MEDICAL

Dysbacteriosis colon - a disease associated with the development of pathogenic (harmful to the body) of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract, which displaces healthy. As a result, food is dropped, stagnant, poorly evacuated and are absorbed into the blood degradation products. All this is accompanied by increased formation of gases and unstable chair, while patients do not receive a number of nutrients, vitamins, trace elements.

Tract of newborns in the first hours of life is sterile. During the first days, he settled by random microflora. Microbes "colonize" the intestinal mucosa, forming a dense "bacterial turf.

Later in the gut of infants (fed with breast milk) establishes a specific bacterial flora consisting of lactic acid bacteria, which persists up to a year, and after the cessation of breastfeeding is replaced by the microflora of adults, in which the highest percentage (90%) accounted for bifidobacteria. These microorganisms have a major role in the regulation of digestion, absorption of vitamins and essential amino acids, as well as a number of biologically active compounds, without which no man can do. At normal levels (quantitative and qualitative) useful intestinal microflora inhibit growth and reproduction of pathogenic (pathogenic) micro and protects the body from the development of intestinal infections. The significant role of bifidobacteria in the process of digestion. They are able to enhance the hydrolysis (splitting) of proteins, fermented sugar, fats break down, dissolve cellulose, stimulate the intestinal peristalsis and to ensure proper evacuation of its contents. Biologically active substances (BAS), which distinguish bifidobacteria, are actively involved in the metabolism, reduce the toxic load on the liver.

Under their influence normal blood composition (increased hemoglobin and reduced erythrocyte sedimentation rate). With the deterioration of environmental conditions, the number of microflora change until the complete disappearance (elimination), this leads to the rapid development of pathogenic flora, fungi and yeast fungi of the genus Candida (Candida), which indicates the occurrence of acute intestinal dysbacteriosis.

There are several groups of causes leading to dysbacteriosis:

Dysbacteriosis bowel symptoms are: flatulence, abdominal pain (sometimes cramping because the gut is trying to get free, drop stagnant mass of undigested food), diarrhea alternating with constipation. As well as weakness, sweating, irritability (as a result of the lack of B vitamins), hair loss, rash on the face (due to malabsorption of vitamins A and E groups).

Modern methods of examination can determine the cause of dysbacteriosis, identify pathogens and to find adequate treatment. There are modern pharmacological tools to teach the intestines work, eliminate constipation and restore the normal microflora.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Sinusitis - is an infectious-inflammatory process localized in the sinuses or nasal sinuses. Doctors distinguish between two types of the disease: acute sinusitis (serosal characterized by flushing, then purulent and lasts usually 2-3 weeks) and chronic sinusitis (usually occurs as a result of repeated and often insufficiently cured of acute sinusitis).

What are sinuses?

Sinus – that’s four pairs of air pockets, located inside the head, around the nose. Yet they are called cavity or paranasal sinuses. Types of sinuses:

Each sinus opens into the nasal cavity for the free passage of air and mucus, so any infection, immune or allergic response in the nasal cavity also captures and sinuses. When inflammation of the air in the sinus, along with pus or other discharge, is putting pressure on the walls of the sinus and causes pain. Also, if the inflamed sinus membrane prevents the ingress of air inside the cavity in a vacuum, causing painful effect.

Symptoms of sinusitis

Localization of pain depends on which of the sinuses covered inflammation. Typical symptoms of sinusitis are the following:

Other symptoms of sinusitis are similar to those for colds, namely: fever, weakness, fatigue, night cough, nasal congestion, etc. The penetration of mucous, serous or purulent discharge from the sinuses into the throat can lead to inflammation. There are many cases where sinusitis become the cause of brain infections, especially in frequently sick children.

What are the causes of acute sinusitis?

The most common cause of the acute sinusitis, a respiratory viral infection or, simply, the common cold. Viruses are able to penetrate into the sinuses, causing inflammation. For example, when the virus or bacteria in the nasal cavity is responsible body for immediate immune response, hyperproduction of mucus and an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the mucosa of the nose. All this leads to a narrowing of the lumen of the nasal passages and difficulty breathing. When the inflammatory process captures the mucosa of the sinuses, it also leads to its swelling and impairing the exit of air and mucous discharge from the sinus cavity. Delayed or complicated by the outflow of mucus creates additional conditions for the reproduction of bacteria.

Such bacteria as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae are normally located in the upper respiratory tract without causing inflammatory reactions. However, when the body’s defenses are weakened or the outflow of mucus from the sinuses is difficult infectious colds, the bacteria begins to multiply, causing acute sinusitis.

Sometimes inflammation of the sinuses causes a fungal infection. It occurs when the body’s immune system is weakened and often occurs on the allergic type.

Chronic inflammation of the nasal sinuses, vasomotor rhinitis, inhalation of cold air and even some deodorants can also lead to the development of sinusitis.

What causes chronic sinusitis?

Allergic reactions, asthma, immunodeficiency states – the most frequent causes of chronic sinusitis. If you are allergic to dust, pollen or mold, there is vasomotor rhinitis, which serves as a trigger in the development of chronic sinusitis. Studies conducted in the United States, showed that 80% of patients with allergic rhinitis and 75% of patients with asthma also suffer from sinusitis.

Some people develop chronic sinusitis contribute significantly to the cold, damp climate and pollution.

Just as in the case of acute sinusitis, in the development of chronic inflammation play an important role immunodeficiency (AIDS, cystic fibrosis), and nasal polyps.

Sometimes sinusitis occur as adverse reactions to certain drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

How is sinusitis?

Your doctor can diagnose sinusitis after a listen to the symptoms, examine nasopharynx, appoint an X-ray and, if necessary, computed tomography.

Treating sinusitis

Once diagnosed and identified the possible reason causing the disease, your doctor would prescribe appropriate treatment.

In acute sinusitis in most decongestants are appointed to deal with nasal congestion, antibiotics, painkillers and immunocorrector.

In applying potivootechnyh drops or sprays you must strictly adhere to prescribed treatment schedule and dosage of the drug, because with uncontrolled use of the symptoms of edema or nasal congestion may increase.

Antibiotics are effective against certain types of microorganisms, causing disease, may be appointed for sinusitis as a monotherapy and in combination with antifungal drugs and immunocorrectors. When antibiotics you should always be supervised by a doctor, to avoid complications (allergic reaction).

Separately, we should consider the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Treatment of this type of sinusitis is a fairly difficult task, because often present in the sinuses microorganisms respond poorly to antibiotic therapy. Usually assigned steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (orally or as a nasal spray), to reduce inflammation and swelling, although they have several undesirable side effects.

In cases where sinusitis is the result of a more serious disease (eg, asthma or allergic reaction) treated with the latter.

When the ineffectiveness of medical treatment have resorted to surgery (removal of polyps and the contents of serous cavities). In pediatric practice, for example, is often practiced adenoidectomy for relief of nasal breathing. The most modern and safe surgical treatment for sinusitis is the application of endoscopic sinus surgery.

Preventing sinusitis

Of course, you can not protect themselves from any cold, but in your power to increase the body’s resistance, thereby reducing the number of colds and prevent a chronic course.

Here are some simple tips:

Popularity: unranked [?]

Mastopatia – benign breast disease, which manifests itself in pathological Pumping her tissues. Often heard from the doctor mammologist diagnosis "breast", the woman did not give it special significance, because this disease statistics of breast cancer occurs in 60-90% of women. Should I worry? Certainly. Mastopatia known for more than a hundred years and still remains the most common disease of the breast. Particular attention to the doctors it is because of her background can develop benign tumors breast: fibroadenoma, intraduct papillomatosis. In addition, in three to five times increased risk of breast cancer. In terms of morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms of the female population in recent years, namely breast cancer occupies the first place.

Causes of mastitis

The first of the trigger factors include abortion. This is gross interference in a harmonious hormonal system of the female body, tune in to the pregnancy. The mammary gland begins to prepare for the production of milk literally from the first days of pregnancy and abortion by the time it is already undergoing significant change. The violent turn of this process in reverse of course very harmful effect on the breast tissues.

The second factor – gynecological diseases. The mammary gland is a single system with other organs of reproduction, so any failure of the system and a blow to the breast. That’s why 75 percent of gynecological inflammatory diseases are accompanied by changes in the mammary gland. Yes, sometimes to provoke the development of mastitis enough even a simple "stagnation" in the sexual sphere.

Breast refers to gormonalnozavisimym bodies, ie the state of its glandular tissue varies depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. Noticed that mastitis is often accompanied by hormonal disorders, such as the emergence of anovulatory cycles, shortening of the luteal phase. Mastopathy may provoke illness and other bodies, non-fertility system. The mammary gland is part of the endocrine system of the body along with the ovaries, liver, thyroid and pancreas, adrenal glands. Therefore, any disease of these organs can cause changes in it. That is why the correct treatment of mastitis begins with identifying the underlying causes sometimes far "away" from a purely "female" problems.

And besides, how and Cancer, breast largely – the result of neurological disorders. Frequent stress, unceasing nervous tension, anxiety about the future – often the habitual condition. And this problem as a breast loopback: appearing on the neurological disorder, she becomes a permanent cause of severe stress, anxiety, and depression are women. That’s why psychotherapy – also one of the main means of combating it.

Manifestations mastopathy

Mastopatia begins with the proliferation of connective tissue, with the formation of small nodules and bands. This form of mastitis is difuznoy. General it is a manifestation of mastalgiya – breast tenderness, which occurs before menstruation and subsides at its beginning. Periodically may appear spherical sealing the top of the chest.

Women often ignore these symptoms for years without going to the doctor. And make a dangerous mistake, because it is at an early stage of breast lends itself to be conservative treatment.

With further development of the disease in the breast tissue formed dense units ranging in size from a pea to a walnut. This form is called a nodal mastopathy. Pain in the chest while becoming more intense, can give in the shoulder, armpit. Sometimes painful slightest touch on his chest. Nipple may allocate colostrum, bloody or clear fluid. When the feeling chest easily defined lobulation or grain tissue. At this stage of the disease and changes in cancer pain did not disappear with the beginning of menstruation.

Often an appointment to come and mammologist very young girls with large breasts seals. This so-called dishormonal breast disease – caused by age-adjustment of hormonal background of the organism.

In essence, breast – a benign formation in the mammary gland. Seals occasionally arise, grow, diminish and disappear. But they can (!) To become the first link in the chain of rebirths in malignant tumors. Therefore, women diagnosed with breast "refers to a group of individuals with increased risk of cancer, observed and treated by the oncologist-mammologist.

Popularity: 75% [?]

While cardiovascular disease remains in first place on mortality, drug "for heart" can be found in every medicine cabinet.

But, buying them yourself, or on doctor’s orders, we have committed and continue to make the same mistake, taking these drugs.

Error first

Medications are taken from time to time, not continuously. But any cardiac drugs should not take courses: poprinimal and threw. All cardiac medications – this replacement therapy, that is, until we accept them, they help.

Once the reception is over, some action will still be felt a week or two, and then … everything. In some cases, a sharp rejection of the drug leads to a withdrawal syndrome – there is acute disease. Do not believe advertising to abandon drugs. In the case of kardiopreparatami it could cost you your life.

Error second

Many are beginning to take their own several combination products are similar in their action, or the same, but with different trade names. Even worse, when to "improve the effect of" starting to drink incompatible medication without consulting your doctor.

This happens usually when the medication "appointed" friend or neighbor, whom they helped. But people are different, and heart disease, too, and therefore the drug should appoint an individual in each individual doses.

Error third

When buying a product, we do not look at the manufacturer. But the production of drugs – the process of thin and high-tech, and on how well it held, depends on the quality of the drug.

Today, widely sold in pharmacies so-called generics, that is, drugs are not made by the company’s patented and started production of this particular medication, and other firms, which, after the expiration of a patent from the manufacturer began to produce drugs with the same formulas.

Generics are attractive, above all, its low price and very often repeated reproduction of the original money is good. But there are exceptions, especially if the secondary pharmaceutical production is more than the old manufacturing equipment.

Even minor impurities, the additional inclusion in the preparation or incomplete adherence to the proportions of ingredients of drugs, may play a negative role in the treatment. Therefore try to buy original products, though it will cost you more.

Error fourth

Taking kardiolekarstva, we also concentrates on the figures of its own blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Fear of high values, for example, pressure, makes a man take a pill for the tablets. But the result can be very disappointing.

If the diastolic (lower) pressure does not rise up to 120 mm Hg and above, there is no urgency. You simply have to change tactics to find a treatment or other medication, consulting with a cardiologist.

Sometimes the pressure jumps and dizzy on the background of degenerative disc disease. In this case, a sharp decrease in blood pressure in general may lead to ischemic stroke. So we should not grasp at the pills, but first see your doctor so that all understand.

Today in the arsenal of cardiologists many powerful effective tools, but using them for other purposes, you can hurt yourself worse than the disease itself. On the other hand, in cardiovascular disease do not need to get involved in "harmless" herb and supplement users abandoning the "chemistry", otherwise the victory of the disease can not be doubted. "

Popularity: unranked [?]

Modern dermatologists insist that Moidodyr deeply mistaken, praising scented soap.

Today it is a hygienic means of using less and less credibility with the scientists and doctors around the world.

Once upon a time there was no soap at all. And humanity washed and washed with water. The appearance of soap in one of the legends of people owe the people of the Roman village near Mount Sapo (in English soap – soap). Around this mountain committed traditional sacrifice. And animal fat produced during the burning of the victim, collects and mixed with wood ashes a fire. The resulting mass washed down by rain into the river Tiber, where the villagers washing clothes. After heavy rains the river was beginning to foam, and rinse clothes hostess noticed that pollution from the fabric leaving a lot faster.

However, even residents of the "Eternal City", famous for its soap factories, and public baths, use soap, which was made at the time, only when washing. In the same bath come to relax in the pool and to support a philosophical conversation.

In Europe, the formation of soap making revived only towards the end of XVII century. And for us a soap remained a foreign curiosity until the mid XIX century. Maybe for the better?

Clean and deceit

"The fact is that soap by definition – salt. Creating around himself an alkaline environment with a pH of 7 to 14, despite the fact that the acid-alkaline balance of healthy skin – 5,2-5,5, it helps damaged lipid barrier, – explains dermatologist Irina Skorogudaeva. - Surface-active agents (surfactants) saponify and dissolve the fat layer on the surface of the skin, which settles all the dust and dirt during the day. But along with the dirt and soap destroys the structural fats that keep the moisture in the deeper layers of skin.

As a result, the skin is deprived of natural protection, loses water and becomes available for the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria. And, the longer the contact with the skin of soap, the more likely the destruction of the hydro-lipid film.

Scientists estimate that healthy skin with a weakly acidic medium (pH 5,5) could safely be in contact with soap and water no more than 10-15 seconds. After a brief "interview" a protective layer of the epidermis is restored in one or two hours. Therefore, holders of dry skin are advised to refrain from frequent use of soap – it is more dehydrates the skin and causes irritation and peeling.

People with problem skin should not delude ourselves, though a soap can wash away the excess sebum and thus solve the "brilliant" problem. The fact is that oily skin is in itself is alkaline environment. And, in contact with soap, she more zaschelachivaetsya. Thus, problematic skin condition aggravated by: for pathogenic bacteria to create a real incubator for breeding.

Operation "Clean Hands"

However, the need to wash hands with soap and no one has repealed. Therefore, we must be able to understand the diversity of the foam.

According to experts, the most insidious soap – antibacterial. "It pretends to be our best friend, but in fact it is" Trojan horse ", – says Irina Skorogudaeva. - Killing up to 90% of harmful germs, antibacterial soap for the company and destroys useful bacteria on the skin surface. However, as always, the villains are more tenacious: harmful bacteria appear on the skin much more quickly useful and are free to reproduce, causing irritation or even worse – contamination. In addition, triklozanovym not use soap daily. From the regular use of this component is born "habituation effect" – that is, after a while pathogenic microflora simply stop responding detergent and soap can no longer exert its antibacterial effect. Therefore, such funds are encouraged to use only in cases where the situation is fraught with infection – in patient care, after visiting the clinics or during work in unsanitary conditions, etc.

For daily use you should choose a soft soap. But "soft" – in a figurative sense, but not directly. From the consistency of soap, it turns out, nothing depends.

Liquid soap seems to fear is. It seems that it is soft and gentle tool can not mistreat the skin. But as they say, the exterior is deceptive. "The difference between the liquid and soap is only bare the fact that the first is on the basis of potassium alkali, and the second – of sodium. But our skin is not irrelevant. Liquid soap wins hygiene in a solid except that that is a fixed-dosing ", – said Dr. Skorogudaeva.

With a light heart can handle a baby soap. First, it passes the most stringent control by the SEA. Secondly, it is almost always colorless and odorless. That is an opportunity to get an allergy because of the dyes and perfumes minimal. Thirdly, in the children’s soap includes natural antiseptic ingredients: extracts of chamomile, calendula, sage, thyme. This soap to cleanse and not hurt.

Favored for the skin and moisturizing soap, especially glycerine. However, it is not a drop of moisturizing … During those few seconds, stay on the skin when foam hand wraps, moisturizing ingredients simply do not have time to penetrate the deep layers of the epidermis and to make his good deed. But glycerine soap is much softer than usual – due to a large number of moisturizing ingredients.

Well, most affectionate and caring can be called various sorts of cream-soap. 1 / 2, they consist of a moisturizing cream, which covers the skin of a thin protective film, preventing excessive water loss. This soap can be used safely every day.

Council for each day

To empirically investigate the security of soap, just soap hands. The more abundant the foam forms, the more aggressive surfactants contained in the soap. Weak foam, coping with the basic task – clean, practically does not violate the skin pH, thereby taking care of her hands gently and thoroughly.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Beach: golden sand, kicking the ball, the splash of waves and the sea suntanned bodies. In principle, you can relax and forget about everything … except the treacherous sun, sea creatures, sunglasses and opportunities to pick up the fungus.

Beach trouble

For summer is an unforgettable experience for you, with a good sense of the word, we must follow some simple rules. Believe me, by following them, you can not spoil a vacation. After all the recommendations related to care about beauty and health. So the first thing with which you can find – it is sunlight or heat stroke. As soon feel dizziness, tinnitus, and the skin will be wet – wash in cold water or wipe the body of a wet napkin. Drink some mineral water and rest in a cool area of approximately 1,5 hours. By the way, the most comfortable temperature for humans is about 18-20 C, and when we are naked – no more than 28 C. Anything above that figure – for the body, this stress.

Good mood and wrinkles

To the sun became your friend, got to know him better. Did you know that our light consists of three types of rays – UVA, UVB and, accordingly, UVC. While intact ozone layer, you can forget about the past. But the rays of the first two types of interest to us much more. They turn you into a pleasant "chocolate", but still contribute to the synthesis of vitamin D3, is responsible for the health of bones and teeth, improve mood, enhance immunity, dry acne, prevent fungal diseases and even cure psoriasis! "Happiness hormone" serotonin is also produced under the influence of wonderful light.

For sunbathing is best suited morning sun. Do not sunbathe during the day, or more precisely, from 12 to 15 hours. During this period, reign in heaven so-called vertical ultraviolet rays.They – the most dangerous. Clouds in the sky, refreshing breezes – not an excuse, it is often burned in such weather. "Yes, I did not get out of the sea" – also not an excuse: for the sun the water is not a hindrance. It should exceed its time limit within which the body copes with the insidious UV – the problem starts. So do not be surprised if you notice that the number of wrinkles you have increased dramatically! In "overdose" of the sun break down collagen and elastin fibers of the skin, which causes its dehydration, slows metabolism, increases the risk of allergic reactions and the probability of pigmentation. During one summer, you can grow old at least six months! But this is not the worst. Scientists have proved that the abuse of sunburn can provoke cancer.

Camouflage skin

To protect the skin from the scorching sun Use creams containing special filters, which operate on the principle of the screen, that is, reflect a significant portion of the harmful ultraviolet radiation. They are divided into chemical absorbers, prestavlyayuschie a "sink" rays, and physical "blockers" that scatter UV radiation.

Each manufacturing company has not forgotten "dilute" their cosmetics are useful components that nourish and hydrate the skin and prevent the aging process. As a rule, vitamins, as well as extracts of aloe, chamomile, calendula and green tea.

Any sunscreen comes in several variants: cream, gel or lotion. Focused on your skin type. For oily more suitable lotions, dry, no doubt, "liking" is cream, but for sensitive – jelly or mousse. A separate group are sticks and lipstick. They are used to protect the most sensitive parts of people who burn the fastest. This area of the nose and forehead, chin, lips and ears.

The main "chip" of any sunscreen is in the ratio of SPF. The number on the package tells how many times this cream or lotion enhances the natural functions of your skin. For example, a vehicle with an SPF 20 will not become "Signora Tomatoes". But be careful! As with any cosmetics, sunscreen can cause allergies. Must be a preliminary test: smear a drop of cream on your wrist and wait for several hours.

Bear in mind that the abbreviation SPF refers only to UVB-rays and does not reflect the level of protection against UVA-radiation. Therefore, the tube should be another mark: broad-spectrum (wide range). Word sunblock means that with this drug you do not catch fire. It completely closes access of UV rays. If you already tanned skin or you are naturally dark, you can use the "oil for sunburn, which have a minimum sun protection factor. Instead, they moisturize, nourish and soften.

Be aware that the protective cream should not at the beach, and for 15-20 minutes before going outside. Distributed the drug in a thin layer, soft and gentle movements and do not stretch your skin! Particular attention should be paid to the so-called sun terraces. This amusing term specialists call any protruding parts of the body: cheeks, nose, ears, shoulders, chest, waist, knees and the back surface of the tibia. The most vulnerable part is the lips. Therefore, cover them with protective means every hour.

By the way, before you go to sea, you must update the "camouflage", because the water like a powerful lens that intensifies the effect of ultraviolet rays. If you use a sunscreen with the properties of water-resistant, they survive swimming for 40 minutes, waterproof will operate for about an hour.

Thus, defending ourselves from the sun:

How not to turn from red to rusty

Unlike the skin, which provides important mechanisms for the protection and restoration as from free radicals, and from any aggression of the environment, protected only hair melanin and keratin. Their synthesis is carried deep into the skin, and with constant exposure to sunlight and salt sea water (as well as chlorine in tap water and swimming pool) of these protective factors is insufficient.

As a result, the pigment is destroyed, hair shine, and their structure has become porous. Not to turn them for a holiday in the "sponge", please be a series of drugs with the already familiar to you labeled SPF. This can be a varnish or gel, and special conditioners, shampoos, balms, creams and serums. Their structure normally consists of: hydrolyzed keratin (hair, protects and gives them volume), rapeseed and plant-derived cellulose (combing easier), pro-vitamin B5 (moisturizes and tones the hair), shea butter (rich in essential fatty acids) as well as olive wax, castor oil, marigold extract, willow, rosemary, sage, juniper. Correctly chosen means of forms on the hair thin invisible film that protects them from burning out, sea water, dust. What, in turn, can increase time in the sun.

At least one week before departure, go to the salon and get rid of split ends, because under ultraviolet light hair begins to flake off even greater. If you have long hair, "rehearse" a few options for stacking. Your assistants – is all kinds of kerchiefs, hoops, scarves and barrettes. They are now at the height of fashion.

Comfortable, beautiful and stylish!

As for staining, be patient and wait until the end of summer. Your hair also need to leave! Moreover, in the sun the color changes, and not for the better. "Red Flame" is raspberry, red hues reminiscent of rust, and yellow highlighting. It is better to walk through the course of reducing procedures or, in extreme cases, to limit toning. By the way, hairdryer leave home. Her hair is like a fresh, let alone the sea air. Moreover, even very long strands of 15-20 minutes to be completely dry.

Accessory, which protects

Going to the beach, and do not forget about the sunglasses. After the excess UV radiation threat to your eyesight. Therefore, in the summer of glasses – it is not just a fashion accessory, but an urgent necessity. To buy them in advance.

First, turn your attention to the color of glass. Preference should be given the most natural tones, such as smoky, brown or blue. Glasses "extreme" colors violating color-response and, consequently, affect the orientation in space. Choosing the degree of darkening, stop on the models, which leave 50% of the world (this information can be found on the label).

Secondly, look for a mark which will tell you that the glasses provide absolute protection from ultraviolet radiation. This is usually written as A UV-protection 100%. There is another option, which is called A High UV-protection, which translates as "high degree of protection. If properly podberesh sunglasses, they protect the cornea, lens and retina from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Check the quality enhancement can be directly in the store with a special device. For example, Polaroid sunglasses (with polarizing lenses) are testing this: you put your favorite model – you see on the label-test, as the boy catches a butterfly net butterfly. Remove – the insect disappears.

If you accidentally dropped her glasses, verify that it is not scratched and cracked a glass. Деформированная поверхность неправильно преломляет свет, а это очень вредно, поэтому без сожаления расстанься с таким аксессуаром.

On the beach – barefoot at the pool – in slippers

Some ladies are afraid to walk barefoot on the sand – they say, you can pick up the fungus. In fact, this is not so. From this perspective, beaches are safe. Besides walking on the sand is very useful. First, the way you strengthen the immune system and increases the overall body, and secondly, it is excellent prophylaxis of flatfoot.

But if you prefer to sunbathe by the pool, take care of the feet still have. In principle, to protect them from fungus will protivomikoznye sprays and aerosols, by means of which it is convenient to process leather soles and interdigital folds, however, they immediately washed with water. It is better to buy any antifungal cream, such mifungar or terbinafine, and spread her whole foot, from heel to interdigital folds, and cover special antifungal nail lacquer. The journey from lounge chair to pool went through exclusively in shoes. In the evening take a shower, wipe your feet dry and struck antibiotic powder. Incidentally, on lounge chairs. Their surface may be infested by millions of bacteria that are left behind are your neighbors. So please be antibacterial wipes and discarding false shame, rubbing their seat.

Around water

Most of the fair sex, in contrast to men prefer to swim in a warm sea, lake or river. And nothing! For hot water, plus an abundance of various secretions of the human body – an enabling environment for the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms. For example, the sea with a temperature of 26 C loses its disinfecting properties. In such water doctors had not recommended to swim. And if the temperature rises another two degrees, it becomes simply dangerous. The sea turns into a "soup" of staphylococcus, colon bacillus and other bacteria.

Opinion Specialist

Inessa Hrinchenko therapist:

- Need to cool the burned skin. You can use ordinary tap water with ice cubes. Dampen a cloth and it has to evolve, as it is heated. Decent alternative would be a cool bath (36-37 ° C). In the water you can add aroma oils, but in no case foam, salt or soap! Get rid of the itch to help you any anesthetic containing benzokain, benzilalkogol, lidocaine, or diphenhydramine hydrochloride. Aerosols easier to use than creams or ointments. If a person is burned, apply medication on a piece of gauze or a cotton swab and lubricate the skin, avoiding contact with eyes. Seek emergency medical attention if you feel sick, dizzy, and there were blisters on the body, filled with clear liquid.

Gennady Polunin, MD, Head. Department of Therapeutic Ophthalmology and oftalmofarmakologii State Research Institute of Eye Diseases Medical Sciences:

- Protect the eyes from dust, and the delicate skin around them – from the desiccating effects of the sun will warm herbal compresses with lotion and light massage with special blefarogelyami. These procedures save from a burning sensation and dryness, and prevention are conjunctivitis and blepharitis (inflammation of the disease Century). Those who have vision problems, on the beach is better to use the daily replacement lenses. First, they can be combined with sunglasses, and secondly, they do not require a liquid for storage.

If you take antibiotics, hormonal contraceptives, tranquilizers, drugs for allergy or high blood pressure, then in tandem with ultraviolet light, these drugs may play a cruel joke with you. Most likely, the skin will become "Leopard" or color appears photodermatitis.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Mycosis … The vast majority of us to explain the meaning of this word is not necessary.

Effects of fungal diseases of the feet, many have experienced.

At the beginning of "mushroom" of the season, which peaks is in the summer, we decided to remind our readers about the main risk factors unpleasant affliction. To be exact, the most common of its species – onychomycosis, fungal nail disease, which is very easy to catch, but difficult to treat.

Age

Incredible, but true. For fungal infections of the feet of children molested rare. A favorite for onychomycosis age – from 30 years and above. Specialists of this phenomenon is explained by the fact that malyshni and nails grow fast and still strong immunity. Therefore the chances of fungus-parasite does not exist.

Gender

The incidence of onychomycosis is dependent not only on gender but on age. Thus, onychomycosis caused by yeastlike fungi of the genus Candida, 3 times more common in women than in men. But other kinds of fungal diseases legs suffer more representatives of the stronger sex.

Diseases

Why do some people have a fungus on his feet "sit", and the other does not stick? Trying to find the answer to this question, the doctors came to the conclusion: the reason – in ourselves, or rather, in the state of our body. Contribute to the emergence of onychomycosis: circulatory disorders of extremities in cardiac insufficiency and varicose veins, blood disorders, immunodeficiency states, dysbacterioses, endocrine disorders (diabetes, when, accompanied by metabolic disturbances in the body, feet mycosis detected 3 times more often than usual), and prolonged use of antibiotics, corticosteroids.

Inappropriate Hygiene

Catch onychomycosis – simple. Suffice it to vilify someone else’s shoes and walk barefoot on the wet floor of the pool, sauna or public shower. In anticipation of the new "owners" of the wet, especially the wooden surface of the fungal spores can live for years. The infection is transmitted through casual contact, by touching them with an infected person or with his swimming accessories. Often, and intra-channel when using a common footwear, towels, washcloths, rugs and bars in the bathroom as well as the lack of processing baths after washing.

Injuries

Vulnerable and at risk of contracting a regular visitor beauty salons. Slight damage to the nail during a pedicure or a manicure – and the "mushroom" your.

Profession

At risk groups – soldiers, athletes, miners, forced to walk for long periods in close shoes, as well as those who are on duty constantly forced into contact with water, synthetic detergents, degreasing agents, softening nail plate. Wet warm environment is an excellent breeding ground for the reproduction of pathogenic fungi. This onychomycosis more frequently recorded among residents of large industrial cities than in rural areas, which is further evidence that this disease is a "disease of civilization".

Individual features

Frequent victims of onychomycosis – people who suffer from excessive sweating of feet, which is based on a hereditary dysfunction of specific autonomic centers of the brain governing the work of the sweat glands. Promotes the development of onychomycosis and anatomical features of the foot, characterized by narrow interdigital intervals (this leg is worse than the "breathing").

Note

The diagnosis of "onychomycosis" is determined on the basis of clinical manifestations, depending on the type of causative agent, which can be defined only by a special analysis – microscopic examination of small pieces of nail, fungal. Similar research is also needed to prevent disease negribkovoy Nature (psoriasis, lichen planus, eczema), in which is also characterized by destruction of nail plate toes.

By the way

According to specialists, onychomycosis affects 10 to 20% of people. In 85% of cases the source of infection are fungi-dermatophytes. Recently, however, experts are increasingly identify mycosis mixed flora, which, along with the main agent of disease – dermatophyte – in the hearth diseases are yeast and / or molds.

The defeat of the nail plate, usually occurs the second time: first, fungi affect interdigital folds or sole. However, the possible development of isolated onychomycosis, when the pathogen penetrates directly into the nail plastinku.Vernym sign of fungal nail disease are: scaling, itching, clouding and thickening of the nail plate, whitish or yellowish plaque on the edge of the nail, its fragility.

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Mycosis - disease caused by fungi that infect humans, animals and plants. Mycosis develops slowly, recurs more often than bacterial infection, and leaves behind a long-term immunity.Sometimes fungal infections are accompanied by only a slight inflammation, but often cause the formation of chronic abscesses, ulcers or tumor-like granulomas, consisting of connective tissue. Mycosis may have a progressive course, and even cause death. There are tools that slow down the reproduction of fungi, but there is no such, which would completely destroy them.

There are systemic fungus disease that spreads throughout the body, and tinea, which affects the skin, hair or nails. Lost in systemic mycosis often resemble tuberculosis or syphilis running, this type of mycosis more severe and can lead to death. Since fungi-pathogens readily identified, laboratory diagnosis is not difficult.

Koktsidioidoz (coccidioidomycosis, or the California fever) is caused by filiform yeast fungus Coccidioides immitis. Most common in southern California, but occurs throughout the southwestern United States. Transmission from person to person occurs. Fungus enters the body mainly by inhalation of dust containing its spores, but can penetrate through the skin by contact with contaminated soil. Carriers of infection are wild rodents (eg rats). Koktsidioidoz – acute respiratory disease, which is usually cured spontaneously (without any special treatment), but sometimes the disease becomes progressive systemic form, which can lead to death. Initially koktsidioidoz no symptoms or flu-like. Possible fever, cough and chest pain, followed by skin eruptions. If the infection got into the body through the skin, the place of its penetration are small skin abscesses. In most cases, the primary manifestations disappear without any treatment.Sometimes the infection penetrates deep tissues: bones, joints, brain and meninges, where granulomas are formed, later turning into abscesses or ulcers. It raises the body temperature, decreased appetite, there is rapid weight loss and strength. Effective treatment for this form of the disease does not exist. Distribution of infection a few delays drug amphotericin.

Histoplasmosis is caused by yeast-like fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which breed in the manure of pigeons, bats and chickens. It occurs worldwide, the United States – mainly in the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Infection occurs by inhalation of dust containing contaminated manure, eating contaminated food or through the skin. In the body, the fungus takes the form of an intracellular parasite, settling in certain tissues and blood cells. Primary infection of the mouth, throat or ears causes the formation of ulcers and increase nearby lymph nodes. Manifestations of primary respiratory infection with symptoms similar to primary TB, for example, are small foci in the lungs, but they zarubtsovyvayutsya and-forming. The disease ends spontaneously, the chances of recovery are very high. With progressive form of histoplasmosis fungus penetrates into the internal organs, resulting in liver and spleen were increased, and the formation of ulcers in the intestine. Often, infection spreads to the bone marrow, in which case a time of rising temperatures, man grows thin, the blood decreases the content of erythrocytes and leukocytes. The progressive form of the disease often leads to rapid death. Amphotericin slows the spread of infection.

Blastomycosis (North American blastomycosis or Gilchrist’s disease) is caused by yeast-like fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. This is a rare disease that is chronic in nature, may take the form of the primary changes, limited skin or lungs, or slowly infect the whole organism. The natural reservoir of the causative fungus and its modes of transmission are unknown. First on the face, neck or limbs appear small reddish nodules or pustules. Increasing in size, they are covered by a crust with small ulcers on the edges, some later become ulcers. Damage to pulmonary blastomycosis resemble tuberculosis or primary lung cancer. Fungus can penetrate into the bone, liver, spleen, kidneys and central nervous system, leading to the emergence of tumor entities, which later turned into ulcers or abscesses. Pathological changes in the central nervous system can cause paralysis. When spread of infection from the bones or internal organs in the lungs are often involved in extensive changes, leading to death. Cutaneous blastomycosis radiocurable and treatment of potassium iodide. Although most cases of systemic or pulmonary blastomycosis successfully treated with anti-antibiotics, often relapse and the likelihood of complete recovery is small.

Cryptococcosis (torulez, or European blastomycosis) – a chronic infectious disease caused by a yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found throughout the world and was isolated from fruit juices, milk and pigeon droppings. In humans, the fungus enters through the respiratory or digestive tract. Infection breeds mainly in the brain and meninges, but can penetrate into any part of the body, causing the formation of ulcerated tumors and deep abscesses or destroy nerve tissue. The initial symptoms of brain damage and the meninges are headache, dizziness, and stiffness (tension) of the neck muscles. Later violated vision and coordination of movements, develops paralysis. Progressive paralysis leads to death. Any damage to the lungs somewhat higher temperature, there is a weak cough, changes in the lungs resemble tuberculosis or cancer. Of the lung infection spreads to the brain or meninges.The probability of recovery is small, the defeat of the brain and its membranes always fatal.

Aspergillosis - infections of skin, paranasal sinuses and lungs or other internal organs, caused by the mold genus Aspergillus, particularly A. fumigatus. Infection occurs by inhalation of fungal spores. The disease is relatively rare, mainly among agricultural workers and pigeon. Usually affects the outer ear tissue (otomikoz), which is accompanied by itching and pain, when combing the skin may thicken and become gray or black color. A large number of spores, falling into the lungs, causing extensive changes resembling tuberculosis. Cutaneous aspergillosis is well treatable with antibiotics. When pulmonary infection used amphotericin. However, systemic lesions sometimes lead to death.

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In 1982, scientists managed to find out what the cause of AIDS is a virus that infects cells of the human immune system, making them unable to protect the body against diseases. This is the second decade of humanity trying to rein in this primitive, but the crafty microbe – the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Immunodeficiency virus belongs to the lentiviruses (slow viruses), a subgroup of retroviruses. He portrayed like anti-submarine mine, which are located on the surface Glycoprotein "mushrooms", employees pick for penetration of the virus in human blood cells. Although in human cells in 100 000 times more genetic information than the virus itself, HIV is victorious, and, seizing the cell and destroys it.

The salvation of the virus is that infection occurs only in certain situations, and it can be prevented. Even if HIV has penetrated into the body, modern medicine is capable of stopping its reproduction.

How long can the virus live outside the body

At the open air will kill the virus within a few minutes. Inside the syringe he can live much longer. On the viability of HIV provides a different, often contradictory data. Where is the truth?

Concerning the survival of HIV outside the body, there are many misconceptions and misinterpretations of scientific data. In laboratory studies used concentrations of the virus, which at least 100 thousand times higher than found in nature. When using such an artificially high concentrations of HIV can stay alive for 1-3 days after drying liquid.

Does this mean that natural concentrations of HIV can survive outside the human body up to three days? Of course not. HIV can survive outside the body just a few minutes. If HIV live outside the body for many hours or days (in their natural concentrations), we certainly have seen cases of domestic exposure – and they do not happen.

Of particular interest is the lifespan of HIV in the syringe or canula. It turned out that it is influenced by several factors, including the amount of blood in the needle, titer (amount) of virus in the blood, the temperature of the environment. The amount of blood in the needle is partially dependent on the size of needles and from what I draw blood into the needle.

In one study, needle containing blood infected very high titer of HIV-1, it appears that a viable virus was contained in some of the needles after 48 days of storage at constant temperature.Thus the viability of the virus decreases with time: in 2-10 days storage of live virus was isolated in only 26% of syringes. Preservation of live virus, also contributed a large amount of blood in the syringe and low temperature storage. The viability of the virus below the credits at low, high or variable temperature and a small amount of blood. For the purposes of preventing transmission of HIV injection should assume that the used syringe or cannula (without sterilization) may contain live virus within a few days.

Proportion of HIV infections in different ways to transfer

All registered cases of HIV infection in the world are distributed in the ways of infection as follows:

In different countries and regions dominated by different ways of transmission (homosexual, heterosexual, injecting drugs).

Risk for health workers

At the end of 1996, the Centers for Disease Control, the U.S. recorded 52 cases of occupational infection of health workers for all time the epidemic in the country. Of these, 45 infections occurred during the needle stick, and the remaining in contact of infected blood or laboratory fluids with concentrated virus in the lesions on the skin, eyes, mouth or mucous membranes. It was calculated the average risk of infection: when needlesticks it is 0,3% (1 in 300), by ingestion of the virus on damaged skin, eyes or mucous membranes of 0,1% (1 in 1 000).

The risk of infection through sexual contact

It is estimated that the average risk of HIV transmission from a single unprotected anal intercourse for "receiving" partner, ranging from 0,8% to 3,2% (from 8 to 32 cases per 1 000). For a single vaginal intercourse statistical risk for women ranges from 0,05% to 0,15% (from 5 to 15 cases per 10 000).

A recently published study provide a more detailed picture of risk in unprotected anal sex:

Through unprotected oral sex with men, the risk for "receiving" partner is 0.04%. For "introduces a" partner, the risk is virtually absent, as it comes in contact only with saliva (unless, of course, in the mouth "receiving" partner, no bleeding or open wounds).

Low average risk of infection after a single contact – no cause for complacency. In the above quoted study, 9 out of 60, ie 15% were infected with HIV as a result of one or two episodes of unprotected "host" anal sex.

Factors that increase the risk of infection through sexual contact

The risk of infection for both partners increases with concomitant sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, rightly called the gateway to the virus, "because they cause ulcers or inflammation of the mucous membrane of genitals. At the same time to the mucosal surface receives a large number of lymphocytes, especially those that serve as targets for HIV (T-4 lymphocytes). Inflammation also causes changes in the cell membrane, which increases the risk of penetration of the virus.

The probability of infection between men and women during sexual intercourse about three times higher than men from women.

A woman during unprotected sex in the body gets a large amount of virus contained in semen of men. The surface area through which the virus can get inside, the woman is much more (the mucous membrane of the vagina). In addition, in semen of HIV found in higher concentration than in vaginal secretions. The risk for women increases with STDs, cervical erosion, sores or inflammation of the mucous membrane, menstrual disorders, as well as breaking the hymen.

The risk of infection for both men and women is higher if their partner erosion of the cervix. For women – because erosion is a favorable environment for the virus. For men – because HIV-positive women can lead to erosion of the peel with the cervical cells that contain the virus.

Risk of infection during anal intercourse is significantly higher than during vaginal, since a high probability of injury mucosa anus and rectum, which creates a "front gate" to infection.

Must also say that the problem of AIDS – a problem not only medical but also psychological, and social. Especially this is clearly manifested in the beginning of the epidemic, when the basic sense in relation to HIV-infected people was the fear of infection, multiplied by the lack of reliable information on how to can and it can not happen with HIV infection.

People living with HIV, becoming literally outcasts, they were afraid to even talk. Played a negative role and the very idea of the risk groups: in the minds of most people with AIDS was a drug addict or a prostitute, who deserved such a fate, and unworthy of even a simple sympathy.

With regard to mutual expectations among HIV-positive individuals and society often uses the term "stigma" – the rejection of some people by others, and the feelings experienced by men are rejected, the expectation of the negative reactions by others that lead to discrimination.

In order to avoid such discrimination against HIV-infected people is very important to know what is HIV, how it is transmitted and how is not transferred.

Measures preventing discrimination, and include the establishment of appropriate legislation and procedures for its implementation. AIDS – a problem not defined "groups", and humanity as a whole, and it must be understood. Must add that in our time a picture is gradually changing for the better, and attitude to AIDS patients through the efforts of psychologists, HIV counselors and physicians began to change in a more compassionate and kind.

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Thrush (vaginal candidiasis) is one of the most common gynecological diseases, and one of the most frequent causes of treatment-seeking …

Thrush (vaginal candidiasis) is one of the most common gynecological diseases, and one of the most common reasons to seek medical help. 



Every year the world’s millions of registered new cases of cases of candidiasis of female genital sphere. According to world statistics, 75% of women at least once in my life was recorded thrush, while 50% of them the disease repeated. And how much money is spent on treatment and can not speak! 



Thrush affects the most sexually active part of the female population aged 18 to 40 years, often occurs during pregnancy, is not excluded in children and older women. 



Thrush – a fungal disease of the lower genital tract, the department of women – of vestibule and vagina. Called It fungi Candida. In everyday life we are surrounded by millions of microorganisms – bacteria, viruses, fungi. They live on the skin, mucous membranes, in the intestine, in the oral cavity. Protective (immune) forces of the body throughout life opposed to the manifestation of pathogenic properties of the microbes, which in turn play a crucial role in the formulation of vitamins, immune molecules that inhibit the reproduction and growth of other harmful microbes. Fungi of the genus Candida is also present in our bodies, and, in particular, are part of the microflora of the vagina. Under unfavorable conditions for the body they begin to multiply, and then there are clinical manifestations of thrush. 



Main symptoms: unpleasant sensations in the genital area and discharge (leukorrhea). 



Itching and burning sensation in the genital area, usually an essential companion of the disease may have the character of a small bite to the intolerable itching, which usually is the main reason for seeking a woman for help from a specialist. In medical practice there are striking examples of female endurance, when the patient either because of false shame, because of ignorance, feeling pain, do not seek help for a long time. It should also be noted that the disease has a pronounced negative psycho-emotional stress often leads to a nervous breakdown, insomnia, fatigue and, ultimately, to reduce the overall quality of life. 



Discharge from the genital tract with thrush abundant, often cheesy. There may also be liquid, slivkoobraznye, with an unpleasant odor. Sexual life difficult or impossible because of severe pain. 



Heavy discharge from the genital tract irritate the skin of perineum, which leads to irritation and further aggravates the burning. Thrush is often accompanied by other infections of the sexual sphere: trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, urea, and mycoplasmosis. In such cases, selection for yeast infections are unusual in nature, and manifestations of the disease erased, making it difficult to diagnose. Therefore, when atypical course of thrush, it is recommended research to other infections of the sexual sphere. 



Experts who study the features of the disease, argue that candidiasis – a complex disease, and not just a banal infection, random nuisance or hygienic problem, as is often thought of women. The disease affects the entire body, is inseparably connected with the change of organism protection of women, the use of various drugs. 



What are the most important factors of vaginal candidiasis? Significant risk factors for yeast infections to date, most experts believe: Irrational use of antibiotics, diabetes mellitus, vysokodozirovannye hormonal contraceptives, corticosteroids, IUD, vaginal douching, wearing synthetic clothing close. This list is not exhaustive. Although the highest incidence milkmaid recorded in women during their peak of sexual activity, should be recognized that sexual transmission is not fundamental. 



Modern antifungal drugs make it possible to quickly and effectively to cope with the disease, but to consolidate the achieved results by applying only antifungal means is not always possible.



The transience of the positive result of treatment usually depends on the woman’s body can not efficiently produce the subsequent specific protection against fungal diseases. 



It becomes clear that it is impossible to win a fashionable thrush tablet, the body must create an environment that will not allow fungal mycelium freely reproduce and display their pathogenic properties. 



Treatment in each case is constructed individually, taking into account its characteristics and concomitant diseases. For the correct, timely and successful treatment of a doctor is necessary to analyze many features of the flow candidiasis in a particular patient, to identify triggers, if possible to eliminate them or reduce to a minimum. 



Significant progress in the development of pharmaceutical industry has led to widespread implementation in practice of various antifungal (antimikoticheskih drugs). Every day in our pharmacies are appearing stronger and more modern antifungals. Of course, the patient has the right to choose the method of treatment, but the most common cause of chronic relapsing forms of thrush is exactly self and non-systemic use of antifungal drugs, antibiotics, vaginal douching. 



Should also take into account the economic aspect of the disease. Current antifungal drugs are not cheap. Fresh, early forms of yeast infections are treated much more successfully and faster with less resources and manpower. In contrast, chronic yeast infection, especially after a long period of self-therapy susceptible worse, has a tendency to prolonged duration and recurrence. 



Who informed – is forearmed. Fungal disease is a case where it is difficult to overestimate the importance of sanitary culture in the process of recovery. Common sense and a reasoned desire to be healthy can solve many problems. Common sense is the decision to assign specific tasks for those who professionally are engaged in this issue – Dermatologists, gynecologists, urologists, and a healthy lifestyle will consolidate the results and avoid the recurrence of the disease in the future. 



Is there a universal recipe for the Prevention of thrush? Of course, there he is as old as the world – want to be healthy, active, exercise, tempering, swimming, cycling and rollerblading, playing tennis, more opportunity to use leisure time and not just thrush you will bypass, but also other diseases .

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