MEDICAL

Salmonella bacteria can cause a reaction system name man, which leads to the destruction of cancer cells. That was the conclusion a group of American and Italian scientists, the main provisions of which were published Wednesday in the journal Science translational medicine.

Researchers hoping to develop a “therapeutic vaccine to stimulate immunity and artificially pay him to fight cancer. “We first conducted experiments on mice, then on cancer cells, as well as immune cells taken from patients, people, and found that salmonella bacteria have the same impact,” – said Maria Reshin of the European Institute of Oncology in Milan. As a sample of her colleagues choose the type of salmonella, which is not capable of causing salmonella. This bacterium is aiming “tumor cells, helping the immune system to recognize them and destroy.

According to the publication, at an early stage of formation of tumor immune cells in time to straighten out with pathogens. The main role does protein connexin-43 / Cx43 /, which forms a slit cell contacts between different types of nervous tissue. These contacts allow the transmission of intercellular signals that govern the different properties of the cells. The proteins of tumor cells pass through these contacts and experience with immune cells, causing them a backlash aimed at combating pathogens.

Popularity: 10% [?]

A group of British scientists made a breakthrough in modern oncology. Researchers led by Professor Ray Wood of the University of Mildeksa created a drug for injection, which is able to stop the spread of cancerous tumors, and even later to reduce their total number.

According to scientists, the new drug is particularly effective for the treatment of complicated forms of cancer, like breast cancer, ovarian, colon and pancreas. The vaccine was created based on the discovery that some of the most aggressive tumors produce hormones that are usually found only in pregnant women.

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) is a determining factor when using a pregnancy test – namely the presence of this hormone has a positive result.

Professor Wood has found that some form of hCG is also produced when certain types of bladder cancer, as well as half of the cases, pancreas, exactly as in the tumors of the ovary, colon and breast cancer.

With the new drug, there is a reprogramming of the human immune system, which subsequently began to destroy the hCG. This process leads to a significant reduction of tumors, as well as in blocking the spread of metastases in the body.

The vaccine has already passed the first stage of clinical trials and has yielded positive results. It assures the professor Ray Wood, a new unique drug came on the market within five years. Wood believes that only in the UK alone, the vaccine each year will save tens of thousands of sick people.

Popularity: 5% [?]

The thyroid gland – the largest of all the organs of internal secretion in the adult. It consists of two lobes and the isthmus. In the thyroid gland is the outer and inner capsules. The outer capsule covers the prostate, together with the larynx, Internal – very tightly fused to its parenchyma, ie covers the actual hardware. Between the capsules have slit space, which are numerous blood vessels.

The main function of the thyroid gland – is the secretion of specific hormones. Thyroid hormones – thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The general effect of these hormones – stimulation of all types of metabolism.

According to WHO, in recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer in the world doubled, mainly due to diseases of the young and middle age. One of the major issues in oncology is the question of the relationship of thyroid cancer with background processes. Similarly, the increase in incidence is due not only to its true growth, but better diagnosis, thanks to the improvement of diagnostic methods in recent times. However, the main cause of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, still serves as a deficiency of iodine in the body.

Development of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland is preceded by nodular goiter, diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid parenchyma of reversible and irreversible, nodular hyperplasia, adenoma.

In clinical and morphological characteristics of tumors of the thyroid gland are divided into:

Benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid gland in most cases are asymptomatic. This leads to late diagnosis, which in turn affects the results of treatment.

The choice of treatment for thyroid cancer depends on many factors: the prevalence of the process, histological structure of the tumor, patient age, sex, etc.

The leading method in the treatment of thyroid cancer is surgical. Additional methods are: teletherapy, radioyodablatsiya, suppressive therapy, drug treatment.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Smoking (tobacco dependence) - is a serious disease, which, fortunately, is treatable, although not easy to get rid of it. Since nicotine dependence is similar to the drug, no smoking will be perceived by the body very hard. You must be willing to experience discomfort – sweating, cough, sore throat, headache, upset stomach. You may spoil the mood, you can become irritable, feeling symptoms of depression and anxiety. Since women are more prone to stress than men, and they find it harder to quit smoking. You can also gain some weight …

First withdrawal symptoms you feel after a few hours after the last cigarette. In the early days, they will grow, and then gradually take place. It is important to survive and not break the first two weeks. After the first month of the unpleasant sensations will disappear altogether, although then you will from time to time to pull the smoke. But within two hours after you stop smoking, nicotine will be eliminated from the body the next day your cardiovascular system will recover within two weeks you will improve blood circulation system and you can easily walk and run.During the year, your body samoochistitsya dramatically improved feel and appearance, quality of life will increase dramatically.

Many are beginning to throw smoke from the fact that gradually reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day. This can increase the intervals between smoke, smoke a cigarette, only half (closer to the filter contains more tar and nicotine).

Go to the weaker varieties of cigarettes does not justify itself: firstly, they are not necessarily less harmful substances, and nicotine, and secondly, smoking cigarettes weaker man instinctively dragged deeper and deeper are the harmful substances into the lungs. Method phasing out of smoking is very prosperous. From it you can start, if you smoke a lot (a pack or more a day). Really quit smoking, you can collect only if their will in a fist and one day, refuse cigarettes once and for all.

Tobacco use continues to be one of the most important health and social problems of modern society, presenting a serious risk to public health, promoting a range of chronic non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular, obstructive lung disease, malignant neoplasms, and others.

The level of morbidity and mortality is directly related to the prevalence of behavioral risk factors. Among them, smoking is a major cause of premature mortality, which can be prevented.

Despite ongoing prevention efforts, smoking prevalence remains very high. According to an epidemiological study, smoking more than 40% of men and about 18% of women aged 25-65 years. One should emphasize the association of smoking with other risk factors: hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, overweight, physical inactivity.

The intensity of smoking with age, increased duration of smoking increases, indicating the formation of the syndrome counter nicotine dependence, which requires different medication correction. Smoking currently is, in fact, the tragedy of society.

Smoking can be divided into three groups:

But whatever – smoking still harmful. And let’s just shall understand – why.

Treatment of nicotine addiction. Number one – oncology. Let delayed in time. but virtually inevitable. And if some of the smokers did not receive as a result of their habit of cigarette and lung cancer, it is only because he was up to him simply did not survive – survive from other diseases.

Second on the prevalence of the scourge of smoking – cardiovascular disease. This mechanism is simple: nicotine, by acting in an organism, in addition to exciting effect causes spasm of smooth muscles – especially the walls of blood vessels. A short vessels of the heart becomes harder to pump blood: raises blood pressure. But by the time the action of nicotine has already passed, the vessels expanded, and the heart of driving through them, the extra blood. Then comes the so-called protective spasm of blood vessels – the walls are reduced as early as opposed to over-pressure … As a result of this "training", especially for a long time, the smoker walls of blood vessels become less elastic, which leads to ischemia, hypertension, and the like "joy".

Smokers are increasingly becoming victims of accidents – certainly not because they smoke, but because of their personality type is called the "adventurer" – the desire to take pleasure in anything at any cost does not allow them to reckon with any degree of risk. Wonder, by the way, the majority of cigarette advertising campaigns associated with extreme sports …

Smoking is often because of complications during the most innocuous diseases – such as influenza, acute respiratory disease, angina. In general, smokers, especially with the experience, such diseases occur less pronounced (the temperature is lower and fewer symptoms) – because a weakened nicotine body simply can not actively resist. But that is why smokers suffer longer. And the risk of complications is higher – and those that may come to an end sadly.

Smoking as a way to lose weight

Smoking – not the best way to lose weight. After the stimulating effect of nicotine is not constant: it is possible to lose weight, if you ever smoke instead of eating. In this case, there is a risk, without waiting for losing weight, to die from lung cancer. A stop smoking "hudeyuschego" the lady can not – afraid to correct them. But get fat after smoking cessation is largely because it started to "jam" they stress, which previously "lit", plus the seizure of the principal stress – lack of cigarettes. If you control the number and quality of food, as well as pay a visit to endocrinologist (because of long-term smoking has violated exchange), it is possible to avoid nicotine completeness. By the way, ladies, keep in mind that using nicotine, you will not look slim, and exhausted – and to everything else your teeth, hair and skin will look not very attractive!

And finally – the gradual degradation of the individual. Much depends on how soon people began to smoke. For example, if he took a cigarette in twenty years – he’s that intellectual development has come to take another twenty years. And if the addiction to smoking appears in ten years – that such a child at risk for mental testimony did not finish high school.Incidentally, all of the consequences of smoking, and especially the reduction of intelligence, and exposed to passive smokers – those who are forced to swallow the smoke from someone else’s cigarettes! Nicotine not only destroys the already existing intelligence, how much hampered intelligence improved. The essence of buzz from any drug – temporary numbness. And in the end the body will adapt to this condition. But in essence nicotine is no different from drugs. That he and terrifying.

Popularity: unranked [?]

It’s no secret that many women, getting ready for the gynecologist, feel a sense of uncertainty or even fear. For them, stress, because it is a very delicate matter. Some women, because of shyness shy even to talk to your doctor about your problems, but there still has to undergo examination.

The situation is compounded by the fact that the patient does not know or understand what those needs or other research, and doctors once, explain, reassure them, "decrypt" incomprehensible and frightening medical terms. 



So, you came to see the gynecologist. The doctor first will talk to you, hear complaints, ask questions that may seem irrelevant, even outrageous, but these "insignificant" trifles, often help the clinician in diagnosis, since many diseases are linked to conditions of life, work, migrated stress, etc. At the reception at the gynecologist is not so shameful. Everything that you tell your doctor to remain in the walls of the cabinet. The data obtained during a conversation, allow the doctor to determine the direction of research, to choose methods of diagnosis. Therefore we must candidly answer the questions, because the success of the mutual cooperation. 



After the conversation, usually requires examination. Somatotype, the nature of fatty deposits, the distribution and amount of hair on the body, especially the exterior of a doctor can tell a lot about the problems of the patient. Example of hormonal changes, chronic diseases. This examination is conducted, usually not noticeable to the patient at a time when a woman enters the room, while preparing for the study. 



Do not be surprised if the gynecologist ask to show breasts. They are part of the reproductive system and its diseases are the responsibility of not only the doctor mammologist, but also a gynecologist. Study of breast allows the diagnosis of mastitis, suspected cancer, and even determine the cause of infertility. 



Survey on Gynecological chair doctor begins with inspection of the external genitalia. Next comes the examination in the mirror. Special tools called mirrors, allows to view the wall of the vagina and cervix. If this reveals any deviation from the norm, there is a need to take fluids genital tract in the study. The easiest and most affordable method, it is used in any women’s clinic and the clinic is a smear on the flora. Special spoons take the discharge from the canal of the cervix, vagina and urethra and cause the glass. Laboratory doctor examines the material under a microscope. Using this method can detect the presence of an inflammatory process (it will measure the number of white blood cells), the state of the epithelium (mucosa), target organ, to identify certain types of infection (fungal, candidiasis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis). In some cases, these microscopic smears are not sufficient for diagnosis and therapy, then resorted to the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immuno-enzyme analysis (ELISA). The capture of material for study by PCR by using miniershika, which is injected into the cervical canal, with the epithelial cells and bacteria contained therein remain on its bristles. The method consists in finding the genetic material of the causative agent of an infectious process. The reliability of PCR is 99%. These methods (PCR, ELISA) used for the diagnosis of specific infections such as chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, gardnerellez, papillomatosis, cytomegalovirus and herpes infections. 



Sometimes, often in the identification of viral infection, is required to determine in what form – acute or chronic – disease occurs in the patient. Then determine the blood titer (level) of antibodies to the infection (by ELISA). ELISA method is based on the interaction of antibodies and antigens. Antibodies – a substance produced by the body for protection against pathogenic factors (eg, microbes). Antigens – it ourselves microbes. As antibody, as well as to any class of antibodies detected, can judge the limitations of the process. 



In protracted and repetitive processes doctor may prescribe sowing on the flora and sensitivity to antibiotics. The material from the vagina or cervical canal is placed in a nutrient medium on which bacteria grow, and then determine the most effective antibacterial agents. 



Since no analysis is not 100% certainty, doctors often prescribe and seeding, and PCR, and ELISA, and smear on the flora at the same time. Obtained on the basis of several studies information is more reliable and helps to make an exact diagnosis. 



If you suspect a cervical pathology spend colposcopy – examination of the cervix under a microscope. With this method it is possible to identify cervical erosion, leukoplakia, papilomatoz, cancerous changes. If necessary, under the supervision of colposcopy, a biopsy taken (a small piece of tissue) of the amended section and send the material for histological examination.The fabric is treated with a special way and study under magnification. Histology provides the most accurate information about the state authority. If excluded oncology, for treatment of diseases of the cervix is often used methods that are based on a pathological fracture site, and after healing at this point formed the normal tissue. Such methods include diathermocoagulation ( "moxibustion"), laser effect (destruction of the pathological formation with a laser), cryodestruction ( "freezing" of the affected area), the use of acid solution ( "Solkovagin"). 



After inspection in the mirrors usually produce two-handed vaginal study. In this study, determine the size, position, state of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. With vaginal study diagnosed uterine fibroids, inflammation of the appendages, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, uterine pregnancy may be suspected endometriosis, and so on. If the study cast doubt on the accuracy of diagnosis appoint ultrasonography (U.S.). This method is one of the leading methods of investigation in gynecology. It is effective, harmless, allows to determine the state of internal organs without damaging the integrity of the organism. The method is based on the ability of different tissues in different ways to reflect the ultrasonic waves. When pathological changes in organs, the ability to change. With determine ultrasonic diagnosis of the functional state of the endometrium (uterine lining) and the ovaries, the size and location of bodies, clarify the diagnosis delivered in the previous study. Ultrasound technique is different and depends on the specific situation and diagnostic equipment cabinet. In transabdominal ultrasound investigations were carried out through the anterior abdominal wall during the filling of the bladder. The bladder pushes a loop of intestines, which contributes to better visibility of the uterus and ovaries. When transvaginal study sensor device is introduced into the vagina. This method is more progressive, it offers more opportunities for diagnosis. Sensor is almost directly in contact with the target organ, so there is no need to fill the bladder, the study is not hampered by obesity, adhesive process, the presence of scars on the anterior abdominal wall. But pregnant women at later stages of this method is contraindicated. 



The human body is almost completely hormone. Many processes are subject to fluctuations in hormone levels. Determine the functional state of the reproductive system allows tests of functional diagnostics. These include measurement of basal temperature in the rectum, which varies depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle and is an indicator of the ovaries.However, the basal temperature does not always provide enough information about the hormonal status of the patient, and there is a need for hormonal studies. The level of some hormones, depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle, so they can take only on certain days. In a number of hormonal disorders is necessary to study the brain for which resort to computed tomography (CT), radiography of the skull. These studies provide insight on the state of the pituitary, which regulates the activity of many endocrine glands, including those that govern the reproductive system. 



In addition to infertility investigations hormone levels determine patency of the fallopian tubes. When kimograficheskoy pertubatsii (method of identifying the functional state of the uterus and fallopian tubes) in the uterus, tubes and into the abdominal cavity of injected air or gas and graphically record the reduction of the fallopian tubes. Often requires an additional hysterosalpingography (GSG). In the uterus injected radiopaque substance, and then make an X-ray. When the Fallopian tubes of the substance enters the pipe and poured into the abdominal cavity – it will be seen in the picture. If the pipes are not passable, then the picture will be clear which department pipe struck. This is important in order to solve the problem of surgical treatment. If impassable final section tubes, then this situation can be corrected with surgery. It is now widely used laparoscopic surgery (in this case do, as a rule, three small puncture, which assume a video camera and instruments), such an operation is less traumatic and postoperative period was easy. If the pipe is not passable in the near to the uterus department, then eliminate this defect with the operation impossible. Such women offer ekstakorporalnoe fertilization (IVF), ie fertilization in vitro. In acute situations, in the differential diagnosis between ectopic pregnancy, ovarian appopleksiey (torn capsule of the ovary), and appendicitis – perform diagnostic laparoscopy, ie through a puncture in the abdominal wall introducing a video camera and examined the innards. If you find a pathological process producing operation. With GSG also diagnosed endometriosis of the uterus (adenomyosis), uterine cancer, uterine anomalies in the structure, isthmic-cervical insufficiency. 



To identify intrauterine pathologic processes using hysteroscopy. It is introduced into the uterus manipulator with a video camera. With this method, you can see the canal of the cervix and uterus. This allows in some cases to avoid scraping, which is a traumatic procedure, or take a biopsy with only a suspicious area. Under the supervision of hysteroscopy may divide the intra-seam that prevent pregnancy, and even remove uterine myoma, which grows inside the cavity. 



Women who had a history of miscarriages, non-developing pregnancy, birth of children with Disabilities, etc., displaying medical genetic research. 



All pregnant women in establishing the fact of pregnancy necessarily measure the size of the pelvis special device tazomerom. It is very important information because narrowing pelvis birth vaginal possible and necessary cesarean section. Pronounced narrowing of the anomalies of the pelvis, suspected inadequate size of the pelvis and fetal head, a history of injuries of the pelvis, spend rentgenopelviometriyu, ie measurement of the pelvis through the X-ray image. Apply this technique at the end of pregnancy, when he was no longer dangerous to the fetus.Throughout the pregnancy, measured the height of the bottom of the uterus and abdominal circumference – it gives an indication of how to grow fruit, whether the size of the term of pregnancy. With this data you can calculate the estimated fetal weight. 



A method by which to evaluate the condition of the fetus is cardiotocography. At the mother’s abdomen is placed sensors that detect fetal cardiac activity, its movement, uterine contractions.The device records the data in the form of the curve on which the judge on the state of the baby. 



Pregnant women are advised on the age of 16 – 21 week of pregnancy to explore such an indicator as alpha-fetoprotein, which is an indicator of the nervous system of the fetus. To analyze the blood of the mother or take amniotic fluid. To study okolloplodnyh water resort that is suspected to any deviations in the fetus (genetic disorders, etc.), this involves an operation amniocentesis (amniocentesis). 



Naturally, the problem of the relationship of patients to the gynecological examination is not solved a single article. But perhaps, after reading it, you’ll be able to talk with your doctor, better aware of the core problem. Dealing with a competent patient easier and communication is more productive. Hopefully, you will be going to the doctor, not only when a problem arises with health, but also as a prophylactic measure once every six months or a year. The full survey should take if you are thinking about the baby while you can avoid many problems in the future.The fact that the disease is easier to prevent than to treat everyone knows, but not all follow the truth.

Popularity: unranked [?]

For the vast majority of women are no worse illness.

Doctors mammology share the concerns of their patients: the last 20 years the incidence of breast cancer came in first place among women’s malignancies.Still too early to panic experts do not advise it. Especially in recent years in this area is not nearly as bleak as it seems. Dispel the many myths about the most horrible female ailment, we asked the doctor of medicine doctor mammologist Larissa Burdin.

Myth number 1. I’m still young, I have nothing to be

This myth soothe themselves with many women, trying to hide from problems. And lose precious time by signing a death sentence. What was once considered casuistry, now it is no surprise. Recently, breast cancer younger. If earlier the diagnosis is found mostly in older women (45 years and older), is a dangerous disease often reveal already at 30-35-year-olds.

Create your own dangerous process has a lot: severe stress, trauma, breast, gynecological problems (such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis). Of great importance in the development of breast cancer (including benign) is heredity. If the cancer was at your mother, aunts, grandmothers or other relatives on the maternal side, you are – at risk. And nothing about such a serious stress for the female body as abortion, generally speaking it is not necessary. Such a drastic hormonal changes can become quite a powerful stimulus for the formation of the mammary gland of nodes and cysts.

Myth number 2. I have no pain. Why should I go to the doctor?

At the initial stage of cancer, and indeed is often asymptomatic. And even for oncology accounted for only 5% of all requests to the About CNET centers, relax doctors advise. In "favorable" conditions, any benign breast disease can easily degenerate into cancer. Doctors repeatedly told: women, be more attentive to her, examining her breast. Notice any anomaly, not hide his head in the sand, running to the doctor!

A self is best carried out once a month, a 5-12-th day from the beginning of the menstrual cycle. What cause for concern? Seals of any location, shape and size, indrawing of the skin or nipple (such changes may cause the emerging tumor), discharge from the breast (especially bloody, brown and amber). But the pain (with or without dotragivanii to the chest), associated with the menstrual cycle, often show banal mastopathy.

Myth number 3. Detect breast cancer in time can not

Not so! Thanks to modern techniques survey today reveal cancer even trehmillimetrovogo size. The sooner the truth is established, the better: cancer is curable only in the early stages.The best way to dispel the doubts – a mammogram, a special study of the universal X-ray of the breast, allowing the "enlighten" the fact that conventional X-ray device to "see" not under force. Skin, the nipple and areole, subcutaneous fat layer, tissues, blood vessels, ducts – from the keen eye mammograph not escape even the most minute changes in the female breast.Where indicated the survey done at any age.

Women 45 to treat yourself carefully. Starting from 40-45 years to earn the risk of malignant disease of the breast is increasing every year dozens of times! In the USA, Scandinavia, Holland and other Western countries for a long time, there are special programs screening, according to which once a year, every woman who has reached adulthood, they must be visited Mammologist. Recently, such a program was implemented and we have. Here are just extend it to the largest possible number of women while our doctors elusive. The stumbling block – the traditional Russian "maybe". And the unfortunate fear, which still prevents many women come to the doctor-mammologist.

Myth number 4. Why once irradiated? X-ray – it’s bad

This is not true. Mammography – one of the most low-dose X-ray studies. According to global data, use of mammography reduced mortality from breast cancer by 25% and the detection of malignant tumors at an early stage has increased to 80%.

Myth number 5. Cancer – is incurable. Why suffer, suffer? Better not to know

Women, who so argue, play hide and seek with the fate, says Professor Burdin. These people are simply afraid of responsibility to themselves and their families. Of course, the treatment of cancer requires large forces and occasions. But, believe me, the game worth the candle. Because breast cancer is treated well. In one condition: if it is detected in time.

And, of course, an important role in the treatment of cancer is the nature of the patient. Larissa Markovna than once observed how easy it eats a disease of those who lose heart and go into hysterics. Medical practice shows: cancer fears optimists. The same applies to risk his money. Unbelievable but true: kantserofoby (people panic fear of cancer), just more often and they get sick. Professor Burdin convinced: in any situation to be optimistic. Even if you have found a small "shrimp", be thankful that it happened on time.

It’s interesting. More recently, the factors conducive to the development of a formidable female ailment, was added one more – loneliness. Experts explain this phenomenon is simple: negative emotions have a clear hormonal background. When a woman does not fulfill its main purpose – to be a wife and mother nature is cruel to her for revenge. Proof of this – medical statistics reflecting the situation with breast cancer incidence: the highest of its performance in civilized countries, where ordinary family values does not take first place in the women’s coordinate system.

By the way. Today, doctors can determine predisposition to breast cancer long before … the birth of his potential victim. With the help of special tests on the carrier of the gene for breast cancer this critical analysis can be done any wishes. This primarily women who have breast cancer was diagnosed in close relatives. More recently, modern medicine has gone further, and encumbered with hereditary problems of women appeared to have healthy children, by removing the gene for hereditary breast cancer … extracorporeal (in vitro) fertilization.

Readers to note. Do not get carried away uncontrolled hormonal drugs – contraceptive or means of facilitating the heavy burden of menopause. Without a preliminary survey of breast drink hormones (which the vast majority of doctors mammologists, incidentally, are very positive) can not.

In addition to hormonal therapy major test for a gentle woman’s breasts may become pregnant. The future of motherhood should be prepared in advance, if you do not want to earn mastitis, fraught with serious implications for breast cancer.

Not izmozhdayte their mammary gland close wearing a bra.

Avoid injuries and traumas.

Are useful for breast swimming pool, as well as some food: cabbage (this product is absolutely everything you need for the female breast), carrots (a storehouse of vitamin A), apples, corn, soy, legumes.

Popularity: unranked [?]