Testing consists of a set of shells, which are formed by various tissues. From each represented tumor tissue may occur, this explains the variety of malignant tumors of the testicle. There is a classification of tumors of the testicle, which includes three sections – germ cell tumors, gonadal stromal tumors and other tumors. The most common germ cell tumors (seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, mixed tumors), which are formed from the duct through which sperm cells come from cells that are formed in the vas deferens that carry sperm into the urethra. Among germ cell tumors most often found seminoma. This is the most common tumor and that she would be given more emphasis.
How often arises testicular cancer and that predispose to its development?
Testicular cancer most often occurs in men aged 15-40 years. There are three peak incidence of testicular cancer: up to 10 years, 20-40 years, and after 60 years. Testicular cancer is about 2% of all neoplasms in men is one of the "young" tumors.
Kriptorhizm – a state in which, during fetal development or the first months of life, the egg does not fall into the scrotum, remaining in the abdominal cavity or inguinal canal.
When cryptorchidism cancer occurs 10 times more frequently in patients with no sunken eggs. The highest risk of developing cancer in patients with intrabdominalno (inside the abdominal cavity) located testes.
In 20% of cases in patients with unilateral cryptorchidism developed cancer in the closed testicle.
If both testicles are peritoneal cavity, the risk of developing cancer is 30%.
Testicle or testes remain in the abdominal cavity, where the temperature is higher than in the scrotum by 2-3 degrees. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can lead to mutations, which in turn can lead to cancer. As reported in various scientific studies, cryptorchidism increases the chances of developing testicular cancer in 3-14 times. Heredity plays a role, but the genes that determine the development of testicular cancer has not yet been identified. Some time ago there was the view that testicular cancer can be triggered by trauma. However, most experts believe that the injury is a cause for the treatment of the patient to the doctor and diagnose an existing cancer.
Symptoms of testicular cancer
The first symptom, which often makes a man turn to a doctor, is the presence of neoplasm in the scrotum. Neoplasm is detected, usually by accident. Unfortunately, regular scrotum is not a self-promoted in Ukraine, as a method of early detection of cancer. In general, cancers of the testicle say little and little written in the media. Node or a small swelling, found a man, usually painless. One-third of patients report pain.
About 10 percent of the first manifestations associated with the appearance of distant metastases. Thus, in tumors of the testicle metastases may appear in retroperitoneal lymph nodes, ureters, and pinch to break the outflow of urine, which in turn may cause exacerbation of pyelonephritis or lead to hydronephrosis. Metastases may appear in the lymph nodes of the neck, where they are squeezing the upper airways, which in turn leads to shortness of breath, cough. Testicular tumors metastasize to the brain, causing mental changes, breach of neurological (paresis, paralysis). Testicular tumors metastasize to the lungs, disrupting the respiratory function. When metastatic testicular cancer occurs in the bone pain and fractures.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of testicular tumors based on clinical data – the patient’s examination, inspection and feeling the scrotum, as well as inspection and feeling of possible areas of metastasis. They carry out an ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity, which exclude or confirm the presence of metastases in the internal organs, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. A ultrasound and the testicle itself, which often allows us to identify tumors with other entities scrotum. The factory produces X-rays of light to exclude or confirm the presence of metastases in the lungs.
In the diagnosis of testicular tumors and blood are used for specific tumor markers – proteins that occur during tumor development. So, using a blood test for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, lactate dehydrogenase. Elevated levels of these substances in the blood suggest the likely presence of testicular cancer. These same tests are used after the treatment for control over the tumor, as well as early detection of recurrence.
Treatment
Treatment of testicular cancer depends primarily on the stage. So at the first stage seminoma (no spread to the lymph nodes) should be removed and testicular irradiation of retroperitoneal and iliac lymph nodes. This treatment allows for a 5-year survival rate of 95 per cent (95 per cent of patients treated, live more than 5 years). In the second phase (from axillary lymph nodes, but metastases to the lymph nodes, not larger than 5 cm) is also carried out removal of the affected testicle and radiation retroperitoneal and iliac lymph nodes. Five-year survival rate in this case is 90 percent.
The third stage of the disease requires not only surgery and radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, which necessarily includes cisplatin. In 90 percent of patients can reach 5-year survival. In the fourth stage of testicular cancer, also requires the combined treatment, which can bring success.
When neseminomnyh testicular tumors treatment also includes the operation – orhektomiyu (removal of testicle). If lymph nodes required chemotherapy and surgery, providing for the removal of retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
A self
Testicular tumors may be benign or malignant. A diagnosis testicular cancer is only entitled oncologist. Regular (monthly), a self and immediate access to a doctor in case of detection of one of the above characteristics can prevent the development of malignant tumors, and in case of early detection to achieve full cure.
Stand in front of a mirror. Inspect the scrotum. If the scrotal skin appeared plots redness, and increasing the contents of eggs.
Take the scrotum in his hands. Four fingers keep the egg, and the thumb gently and slowly to test the egg.
Then, try to feel out parorchis – a thin tube, the elastic nature.
By the doctor should contact in case:
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