MEDICAL

Lactostasis - a stagnation of milk in one or more areas of breast cancer. Displayed this state seal gland tissue and painful – especially when palpation. The skin of the breast is visible to the appropriate network of veins. Tension and soreness plots gland may persist even after her discharge. Body temperature at the same time is usually normal or subfebrile

Causes lactostasis

Emergence lactostasis usually two reasons: increased milk production and a violation of its outflow from any area or from cancer in general as a result of blockage or the narrowness of the milk ducts.

Factors predisposing to the development lactostasis are:

Increased milk production usually occurs in the early days in the establishment of lactation. At first delivery milk arrives at the third, and sometimes – on the fourth day, after repeated – about a day earlier. The kid in this time sucking is still very little, and the breast during feeding is not emptied completely. Repeated delivery (or, more precisely, during the second breastfeeding) the development of stagnation due, perhaps, only with this. In the case of first birth, moreover, it is often difficult and the outflow of milk, as "undeveloped" ducts of mammary glands in primiparous women narrower and more convoluted.

Inadequate emptying of the mammary gland leads to increased pressure in the lumen of ducts and within the lobules. This causes some swelling and tissue infiltration of the respective field, which leads to stimulation of pain receptors and manifested local tenderness. In addition, increased pressure in the secretory parts of the gland inhibits further lactation. Milk, leaving a long iron, subjected to the processes of reuptake, thus acquiring pyrogenic properties, which results in increased body temperature – the development of so-called "milk fever".

Prevention and treatment lactostasis

Combat lactostasis necessary not only because this condition causes a woman’s discomfort, but also because it predisposes to the development of mastitis (inflammation of the breast tissue).

To prevent a lactostasis and combat should be primarily to prevent a sharp increase in the amount of milk. It is very important in the first week after birth to restrict fluid intake (including the first meal and fruit) to 800-1000 ml per day. Make it probably will not be easy, because at this time want to drink more than usual.

Another means of prevention lactostasis is frequent apposition baby to her breast. It is believed that in each feeding should be given to a child only one breast, but there is another point of view according to which in turn should feed from both breasts, finishing by applying to the feeding of the breast, which gave the baby first. But one thing is certain: it is necessary to feed the baby on his first request and allow him to remain in the breast as much as he wants. If galactostasia significant, crumbs can be difficult to take and suck the breast. In this case, a small portion Express breast milk that relieve tension peripapillary area and allow you to easily capture the fumes of the nipple.

It is also useful from time to massage the breast. The massage is conducted in a circular motion from the periphery to the center of the gland. Particular attention should be given more dense and painful areas.

If one breast bigger than another bothers you, you can offer her baby more often. If a pipsqueak still can not cope with the coming of milk and after feeding in the breast remain sealed painful areas will decant surplus. A separate manual racking often extremely painful, so ask your midwife "rastsedit" you. Skilled experts can thus do not cause pain. Perhaps you would be more comfortable hardware racking? For efficiency, it is not inferior to manual, you need only good massage problem areas gland. Good help a hot compress on the chest – with Vishnevsky ointment, vaseline, and camphor oil, alcohol. They should be applied after the full pumping. Gauze wipes moistened with oil or alcohol (70% alcohol-tion is diluted with water 1:1, 96% – 1:2) and put on the skin of the breast, covering its entire surface. The next layer is a compress made from polyethylene or cellophane, and he does not allow the liquid to dry. The resulting patch to fix a well with a bandage or diaper. The wrap should be placed on the chest about six to eight hours.

It can be an effective ultrasound massage the breast. In addition, to improve the outflow of milk often prescribe oxytocin. He injected intramuscularly 20-30 minutes before feeding and causes reduced milk duct.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Small, corresponding hypertrophied lobules cancer, tumor, diagnosed in pregnant or lactating women.

This form of mastitis occurs in pregnant and breast-feeding. The tumor affects the lobules or groups of alveoli, causing an increase in their size, but the milk continues to stand out.

Usually, this swelling after breast-feeding, but in any case it is better to see a specialist for a thorough examination and histological confirmation, as in 1 case at 3 thousand pregnancies detected breast cancer.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Fat necrosis – a fairly common disease.

The reason for its occurrence are mechanical trauma of breast cancer, which causes necrosis of adipose tissue, which is accompanied by the formation of dense clumps, usually painless.

Treatment is mainly surgical, especially since in this case is necessary to first rule out cancer.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Gipomastiya – it hypoplasia, unexpressed breast cancer in women.

Breast girls begin to grow (usually the left side) from 8,5 to 13 years under the influence of female sex hormones – estrogen. Emerging glandular breast tissue was originally defined by a small knot under nipple, which then gradually increases and ends its growth by an average of 4 years with a range from 2 to 7 years. 



Unexpressed breast cancer can occur when a family predisposition to this, a total infantilization woman or halting the growth of glandular tissue under the influence of estrogen in other well-marked secondary sexual characteristics.

Mikromastiya may develop due to the sharp decline of ovarian function and other endocrine glands under the influence of severe intoxication, chronic and acute infections, tumors of endocrine organs and surgical interventions. Moderate hypoplasia of one breast, when it is smaller, but retains the functions are often, but a significant difference in the size of mammary glands in connection with hypoplasia of one of them rare. In the lactating mammary glands are able to function the same, so the anomalies are concerned about the patient only in cosmetic terms. 



Growth of mammary glands are usually suspended in 17-18 years, and many women resign themselves to the fact that their chest is less than "normal". Some women whose breasts are not expressed or lost its original appeal from their point of view of form, such as after childbirth, feels some inadequacy, inferiority, which can seriously affect their mental health. Treatment of bilateral mikromastii is the correction of endocrine disorders, which resulted in the failure of development of mammary glands may be partially or completely eliminated. Adult women with mikromastii can recommend plastic surgery with cosmetic purpose. It should be noted that the magnitude of the breast has little effect on the sexual feeling of women, its ability to experience orgasm or her ability to breastfeed the child.

When hypoplasia and atrophy of the mammary glands of young women should consult a physician, endocrinologist and endocrinological examination. Often in such cases, physical therapy (infrared radiation, diathermy, warm compresses). Sometimes the appropriate hormone treatment, carried out very carefully.

In exceptional cases, the woman’s request for an operation of implanted endoprosthesis (subcutaneous prostheses) or transplantation of tissues. Implants come in different shapes and sizes (in the form of apple, pear or drops). They may have a special frame, protected against damage. Such prostheses are implanted for life. Approximately 30% are operated on their rejection, but a successful operation gives women great satisfaction.

The lack of mammary glands easiest to hide using a conventional bra with foam-rubber liner or external prostheses (performed various shapes and sizes). You can also purchase a special bra cut, with intercalated removable dentures.

Atrophy of breast cancer in women at menopause, usually masked by the development of adipose tissue – in this case, the chest is not decreasing, but loses elasticity, becomes more flabby. Sometimes this defect can be corrected in gymnastics, massage, the formation of correct posture. Radical breast shape can be corrected only through surgery.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Hypogalactia - Reduced function of mammary glands, which may manifest itself in violation of laktopoeza processes, lactogenesis or milk, as well as in reducing lactation time (less than 5 months).

Varieties hypogalactia

Hypogalactia divided into early and late, primary and secondary, true and false.

Early hypogalactia - is the lack of milk within 10 days after birth, later detected 10 days after delivery.

Primary hypogalactia are rare, not more than 5% of women in childbirth. It is associated with hormonal disorders in mothers with diabetes, diffuse toxic goiter, infantilism, etc. In these diseases are not carried out adequate neurohumoral stimulation of lactation, and mammary glands do not produce enough milk. Secondary hypogalactia principally associated with the improperly breastfeeding, prematurity, infectious diseases the mother, complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, poor maternal nutrition, severe trauma, etc.

All these types of secondary hypogalactia are true, and points are not so frequent among all women who gave birth. In most cases there is a so-called false hypogalactia where in the breast of his mother produces enough milk, but she complains that the child was not enough.

Causes hypogalactia

The main symptoms hypogalactia

With a lack of milk a newborn child: cries and expresses dissatisfaction with weaning; not gaining weight or adds enough. Daily child’s weight gain should be an average of 20-30 grams.

Treatment hypogalactia

Note that the drugs have less effect than the methods of physiological stimulation of lactation.

To prevent hypogalactia include

Popularity: unranked [?]

The mammary gland consists of skin and glandular tissue, attached to the chest wall strands of connective tissue – Cooper ligaments. Around the gland and is located between its lobules of adipose tissue. Number of fat in the female breast varies within very wide limits, some older women breast consists almost entirely of fat. One of the consequences – the size of the breast may strongly depend on the diet. The growth of the glands is controlled by hormones, which explains why breast volume may vary during the menstrual cycle or after menopause. Contrary to general belief, there is no iron in muscle. Therefore, to increase or tighten its exercise impossible.

Increased breast usually begins with puberty and continues throughout life. It is believed that the excessive increase in the chest that occurs during puberty or during pregnancy, an irregular excessive response of breast cancer in the "normal hormones" women. In this condition, the breasts grow and quickly reach enormous size without direct recourse.

Some difficulty of objective evidence of hypertrophy of the breast is a different understanding of "normality". Therefore, for practical purposes is quite suitable classification, where "desirable" is a bust 275 cubic centimeters, and the increase of the normal volume of 50% is already considered to be some degree of hypertrophy: a normal chest – 250-300 cu. cm, small hypertrophy – 400-600 cu. cm, about the phrase – 600-800 cu. cm, expressed or significant hypertrophy – 800-1000 cu. cm gigantomastiya – 1500 and a cube. see

Most women come to the surgeon, wanting to get rid of physical pain and discomfort, their complaints usually the physical and psychological. The heavy, hanging breasts are often a source of chronic pain and discomfort. Complaints include severe neck strain, headaches, pain in the shoulders, lower back pain, deep grooves from bra strap, and a great discomfort in the chest.Protuberant abdomen is usually accompanied by curvature of the spine. Chafing and other dermatological problems may develop in the crease because of constant moisture.

Women with breast enlargement indicate that their physical activity, as is often limited. They often find that their breasts hypertrophied prevent and reduce their daily activities. The problem is also a selection of clothes. Many patients are confused glances and comments related to their chest.

Some patients with severely enlarged breasts also have family history of breast cancer. Hypertrophic breast is difficult to assess because mammography glandular and younger breasts are not as effective as good physical self-testing, and because the self-test for small tumors difficult to achieve in the hypertrophic breast, Reduction mammoplasty can often be useful in this risky subgroup of patients.

Breast reduction may also allow the patient to detect small tumors more easily self-examination. Breast reduction – is often a pleasant alternative, and the medical and aesthetic point of view, for this subgroup of patients.

Asymmetry of the breast due to unilateral hyperplasia may be another indication for the implementation of reduction mammoplasty. Breast enlargement on one side may be caused by scoliosis (curvature of the spine), associated with the pathology of development. In addition, serious psychological problems may follow because of the emotional stress associated with unilateral breast enlargement.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Gynecomastia – a benign increase in breast cancer in men. The term "gynecomastia" means "chest like a woman", and comes from the Greek words gynes – a woman, and mastos – breast cancer.

Perhaps the earliest evidence of gynecomastia can be attributed to approximately 1330 BC (more than 3300 years ago): it is possible that Pharaoh Tutankhamun and his brothers had gynecomastia because they portray with enlarged breasts (it was suggested that was the result of the availability of Klinefelter’s syndrome). On the other hand, opponents of this hypothesis believe that such an ancient image may simply have a symbolic meaning, to emphasize their quality and fertility care.

Normal mammary gland in men is an underdeveloped body of the nipple, short ducts and fatty tissue. When gynecomastia mammary gland increases in size and compacted. It can be painful when probing. Increased can be from one or both breasts. When cancer breast enlargement in males may be caused by the disease itself, or if the gland tumors in various organs is production of estrogens and chorionic gonadotropin.

In renal insufficiency breasts grow under the influence of elevated levels of estrogen in the blood and reduce the level of testosterone.

In liver cirrhosis, which is most often alcohol, gynecomastia is due to alcohol damage the testes. This reduced output of testosterone.

The increase in the mammary glands is due to the reduction of testosterone in hypogonadism (insufficient function of sexual glands) and hormonally active tumors of the adrenal cortex and testes.

The mammary gland can be increased in men with certain physiological conditions are normal.

This is the newborn period. Boys are born with enlarged breasts. This condition persists 2-4 weeks, then the breasts are reduced.

Time of sexual maturation during adolescence may also be accompanied by an increase in mammary glands. Such an increase in the rate remains no more than two years.

In old age, in connection with the age increase in the amount of estrogen in the body breasts grow.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Galactoma occurs in pregnant and lactating women.

The tumor is dense, with clear boundaries, like a cyst filled with fluid. Galactoma requires careful examination to exclude cancer.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Atelier – complete absence of nipples. Quite rare and often combined with hypotrophy of mammary glands.

If the gland in other developed normally, it means, unfortunately, the inability to breast-feeding.

In aesthetically easily remedied. There spent forming the nipples of the options available on the iron skin. After that is a permanent cosmetic tattooing. These measures can fully simulate a natural nipple.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Amazia is a complete lack of mammary glands.

This pathology is extremely rare. Amazia occurs even in utero. Apparently, during pregnancy, when the place tab mammary glands (at the sixth week of pregnancy), the female body was subjected to some adverse effects that led to the breach.

For such women are not very fabric of the breast, no nipple. Naturally, she could not breastfeed, but most likely not be able to get pregnant (the factors that led to a breach of the chest, could lead to a breach of the entire reproductive system). Of course, in this case, plastic surgery can help to correct only a cosmetic defect.

Popularity: unranked [?]