MEDICAL

Cervicitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix ..

Varieties cervicitis

Causes cervicitis

Pathogens could be inflammation of endocervical gonococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, intestinal flora, chlamydia, and others, in the cervical canal can penetrate Chlamydia, Trichomonas, viruses, fungi (candidiasis), mycoplasma.

Germs contribute to erosion of the cervix, rupture of the cervix during childbirth, trauma of the cervix during the abortion, female genital tract disease (inflammation of the vagina, uterus, ovaries, etc.).

The main symptoms of cervicitis

Can proceed without complaint, some women suffer from leucorrhoea, mucous or pus, rarely, pain in the abdomen. The presence of other symptoms usually associated with concomitant diseases (urethritis, endometritis, salpingo-oophoritis, etc.).

Treatment of cervicitis

Should be strictly supervised by a doctor, because there is a risk of relapse. In the medical complex includes the removal of opportunistic diseases and predisposing factors. In the acute form of the disease are appointed by antibiotics, bed rest, with chronic – physiotherapy, electrophoresis. When cervicitis in postmenopausal women may be used estrogensoderzhaschie creams or ointments. Infectious cervicitis requires mandatory treatment of sex partners and using barrier methods of contraception.

Prevention cervicitis

Proper management of childbirth, the timely recovery of the cervix when it ruptures, the prevention of abortion.

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Fibroids of the uterus is one of the most common benign tumors in women. Frequency of occurrence is strikingly high – one in four women older than 30 years and every third woman predklimakterichesogo age has given pathology. Approximately every second patient department of operative gynecology is scheduled surgery for uterine myoma.

Fibroids of the uterus or, more precisely, leiomyofibroma - smooth-tissue tumor of the uterus with a pronounced connective tissue component. Myoma (leiomyoma) of the uterus in its pure form is rare. Thus, fibroid with nodes located in the middle of the myometrium is the ratio of muscle and connective parts of 2:1 and more like a true myoma. In podbryuschinnyh nodes fibroids, the ratio is 1:3.

The causes of fibroids include, above all, the stimulating effect of hormonal background on the myometrium. Found that estrogen increased the background is not observed in all patients, but it develops metabolic functions of estrogens and yellow bodies, changing the sensitivity of the uterus to the action of hormones.

A role in the origin and development of uterine fibroids are violations in the hypothalamus – pituitary – ovary – uterus. Although no specific data in this regard, little, most authors agree on the idea that since the beginning of puberty before the start of menopause estrogen levels in the blood increases by about 3 times and this factor should be considered, if not causal, then one of the important starting points. It is important and heredity, ie in families where there were fibroids and polycystic ovarian risk of fibroids in direct relatives is much higher.

The development of uterine fibroids frequently characterized by the formation of multiple units of various sizes. Single units are rare. The most frequent localization of nodes – in the midline, near the pipe spools and lateral parts of the cervix, where there is a close intertwining of muscle fibers. Quite often, the node starts to grow inside the muscular layer. For the limits of uterine fibroids often grow on the muscle pedicle. Sometimes the leg is so thin that it can twist and cause complications of the disease. Simple myoma, myoma and proliferating predsarkoma usually are stages of development of malignant disease – sarcoma, but because timely treatment of fibroids is the most effective way to prevent the development of leyomiosarkomy.

Clinic fibroids

The clinic depends on the type of tumor growth, its localization and some other factors. With slow growth node disease for years can take place without any manifestations, despite the relatively large size of fibroids by the time of its detection. The rapid growth of the tumor gives a more pronounced symptoms, therefore, such patients enter the surgical department after 1-2 years of onset.

Patients go to the doctor when they detect bleeding associated with its anemia, abdominal pain, symptoms of the bladder and other adjacent organs. Bleeding is usually manifested in the form of heavy monthly (with clots, more than 5 days), but then can be transformed into cases of bleeding out monthly.

With long-term course of the disease caused disturbances of ovarian function up to the lack of ovulation or luteal dysfunction, which leads to even more pronounced hormonal shifts. These shifts are considered to be a stimulating factor in the development of cystic changes in the ovaries, and endometrial hyperplasia. With the onset of menopause, a decrease tumor size. If the tumor size for the year increased by 5 weeks of pregnancy, the need for careful examination to exclude malignant transformation of uterine sarcoma.

Diagnosis of fibroids

The diagnosis is easily already in the normal gynecological examination. If you suspect submucosa fibroids sometimes necessary hysteroscopic examination (examination of the uterus).Great importance in diagnosis are the means of medical imaging, among which played a leading role ultrasonography. Are also used magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray and some other methods.

Treatment of fibroids

Predominantly surgery. Now try to apply organ-saving operations. However, the rapid growth of the tumor, suspicion of malignancy, large size of the tumor carrying out radical surgery: amputation of the uterus, ektirpatsiya uterus.

But modern surgery can remove even large fibroids laparoscopically, which creates additional opportunities for the treatment of a doctor and patient. Sometimes you can do without surgical intervention. In these cases, pharmacological inhibition of tumor growth through an integrated treatment of hormonal and nonhormonal drugs.

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Injuries to the female genital organs develop as a result of falls, especially at the sharp and pointed objects, during intercourse, with the introduction into the vagina and uterus of hard and sharp objects, tools (Bougie, metal catheters, dilators, etc.).

Varieties genital injuries

In the practice of obstetrics and gynecology sexual mutilation outside the act of birth is rarely observed. They are classified as follows:

1.  breaks during sexual intercourse;

2.  damage caused by foreign bodies in the genital tract;

3.  Trauma of the external genitalia and vagina domestic and industrial nature, inflicted by a sharp object;

4.  genital injuries, crushing;

5.  chopped, sliced and gunshot wounds genitals; damages due to medical activities.

Symptoms of genital injuries

Trauma of the external genitalia seen bleeding, hematoma formation, often extensive, in large and small labia, in the vagina. If the damage the clitoris, where there is an extensive vascular network, the bleeding can be very abundant.

Treatment of genital injuries

Regardless of the cause of damage to determine the volume required a thorough examination in a hospital environment, which includes along with the initial examination, special techniques (rectoscopy, cystoscopy, radiography, ultrasono-and NMR-study, etc.).

Treatment of genital injuries, as a rule, surgical. It is a thorough treatment of wounds, stop bleeding by ligating blood vessels or with tamponade. Rarely produce suturing the gap (provided fresh "uncontaminated" wounds). With injuries, penetrating into vaginal vaults, shown laparotomy. At the same time fulfill protivoshokovym activities, introducing tetanus, provide prevention and treatment of the inflammatory process.

Popularity: 25% [?]

Toxicosis pregnant - is a violation of the process of adaptation to the pregnancy, particularly perverse manifestation of the organism’s reaction to the woman’s pregnancy.

Toxidrome etiologically associated with pregnancy. After the birth (or abortion) usually disappear completely all manifestations of toxicosis; remote effects are observed only after severe and prolonged occurring forms of these diseases.

Varieties toxicosis

A number of classifications toxicosis pregnant, of which the most acceptable is their division into two major groups:

1.  Early toxemia, occurring in the first half of pregnancy (usually in the first 1-3 months);

2.  Late toxicosis that develops in the second half of pregnancy (often in the past 2-3 months).

Causes toxicity

The list of hormones produced by the placenta, enters the placental lactogen. He is very active influence on metabolism (metabolism) – increases the mobilization of fatty acids and reduces protein synthesis in women. Thus, increased supply of amino acids reaching the "construction" of children’s tissues. As a result, the placenta and fetus begin to "manage" the metabolism of maternal body, causing meet their needs.

These processes, besides widening, causing maladjustment: the inability of the organism to adapt to his "new situation". This is toxaemia 1-st half of pregnancy.

The main symptoms of toxicosis

By the early toxicosis include: weakness, irritability, drowsiness, weight loss, vomiting (mild, moderate vomiting, excessive vomiting), excessive salivation (ptializm).

Late toxicosis of pregnant following: edema, neuropathy, preeklampssiya, eclampsia.

The rare forms of toxicosis include: dermatitis, asthma, jaundice, tetany, osteomalacia in pregnancy. These diseases can occur in the first and second half of pregnancy.

Treatment toxicity

With the advent of the first symptoms refer to the obstetrician-gynecologist (treatment of early toxicosis in antenatal clinics.). Usually time begun therapy to quickly eliminate the trouble.During this period very useful trip.

Prevention of toxicosis

Experts advise not to overload the body, eat small portions, and food should be slack and give pleasure. Weighed regularly, and if the weight is sharply reduced – this is a distress signal.

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Salpingitis - inflammation of the fallopian tubes as a result of bacterial infection, spreading to the tube from the vagina or uterus, or blood-borne .. Salpingitis in some cases may proceed simultaneously with an inflammation of the ovaries (ooforitom). Inflammation of the fallopian tubes, often leading to their imperforate

Causes salpingitis

Called by various infections (gonnokoki, Escherichia, Chlamydia, etc.), along which trigger factors can serve as abortion, childbirth, menstruation. Less salpingitis may be caused by chronic relapsing inflammation of the appendages.

Varieties salpingitis

The disease occurs in acute, subacute and chronic form (with genital tuberculosis).

The main symptoms of salpingitis

Symptoms of inflammation are varied and not always clearly expressed. Typically, salpingitis manifests itself by pain in the abdomen that can bring to the sacrum or lower back.

The disturbing signal may serve the following symptoms: recurrent attacks of fever, chills, pain in the legs or back, frequent urge to urinate, difficulty with urination, accompanied by burning and itching, abnormal leukorrhea, unpleasant odor of vaginal discharge, pain and bleeding during sexual intercourse or after A considerable increase spasms and pain during menstruation, bloating, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, weakness and unusual fatigue.

Treatment of salpingitis

Depends on the stage of disease, the nature of the flow, as well as individual patient tolerance to various drugs. Decisive role in the treatment of salpingitis is its early and correct diagnosis.

Prevention salpingitis

Prevention salpingitis include the fight against abortion, the prevention of post-natal and post-abortion complications, careful consideration of contraindications for various intrauterine interventions, timely elimination of extragenital foci of infection, effective treatment of diseases of the pelvic organs. Great importance is hygienic education of girls and women.

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Puerperal fever - an infectious disease parturients with recurrent revenue in the blood of microbes from the primary focus of infection – the uterus and severe intoxication (the so-called. Puerperal sepsis), the formation of purulent foci in various organs.

Causes of puerperal fever

Puerperal fever develops on the background of some chronic infectious disease. The main causative agents of puerperal fever – a streptococcus, staphylococcus, meningococcus, blue-purulent coli and coli bacteria.

Puerperal fever begins a day or two after birth – when the woman’s body invaded weakened infection develops, gaining strength and moving to action.

The main symptoms of childbed fever

Same as other acute infectious diseases: severe pain, especially in the lower abdomen, malaise, chills, general redness, fever, sanies.

Treatment

Must appeal to the doctor. In the initial stages of the disease is easy to medication.

Prevention of puerperal fever

Prevention is the most important role in relation to puerperal fever, she is in the right antiseptic care of maternity and childbirth. The greatest importance is the cleanliness of hands and instruments, reliably only 5-minute wash with warm water, soap and brush, and then immersion in 90 ° alcohol, and finally wash solution of mercuric chloride; tools digest, best, 1% soda solution. The midwife who came into contact with sick parturients should not shortly thereafter to assume management of childbirth, or care for a healthy parturients; rapid decontamination is available only to the doctor, who nevertheless can also recommend a daily abstinence after treatment of suspected cases.

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Ovarian dysfunction - a general term, which refers to a violation of hormonal function of ovaries. This pathology manifests or delayed monthly over 35 days, followed by bleeding lasting more than 7 days, or irregular part of the periods, following each other at different time intervals (less than 21 days). Such bleeding is called dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Many women who have a disruption of the menstrual cycle, did not immediately realize that their health is in danger. Often they believe that a delay period or, conversely, frequent menstruation, irregular menstrual cycle – is a characteristic of the organism. Nevertheless, in the normal menstrual cycle, there are strict parameters: the duration of menses 3-7 days, the interval between periods 21-35 days, blood loss during menstruation 50-100 ml.

It is important to know that any deviation from this norm is a sign of dysfunction of the ovaries. The reproductive system is functioning properly only if the health of the whole organism. The first thing that disturbed women in the presence of serious diseases – this is menstrual function and fertility. Therefore, a violation of ovarian function – usually a signal incipient disease. If time does not pay attention to it, then a slight disruption of the menstrual cycle may result in severe consequences.

The causes of the disorder are quite varied:

The basis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding is always a violation of Education and the allocation of hormones that regulate the hormonal function of ovaries. These hormones are produced by the pituitary and are called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL).

For each phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by a special ratio of the content of these hormones. This is a necessary condition for the maturation of the follicle, ovulation and pregnancy. Violation of hormonal ovarian function, the ratio changes. When the initial manifestations of ovarian dysfunction most frequently disrupted ovulation – it does not occur. This violation is called anovulation. Therefore uterine bleeding with ovarian dysfunction – acyclic, ie menstrual cycle is not respected and not pass all its phases.

Clinically manifest different disorders of the menstrual cycle: the type of irregular rhythm of menstruation; increase (decrease) in menstrual blood loss, the appearance of unscheduled bleeding from the genital tract, abdominal pain in the premenstrual, menstrual days in mid-cycle; violation of egg maturation – infertility, miscarriage pregnancy.

In addition to uterine bleeding, women with ovarian dysfunction may disturb abdominal pain bleeding before or during it, often the driving character. However, sometimes the pain is acute, spreading throughout the abdomen, giving the lower back. If dysfunction of the ovaries is often strongly defined premenstrual syndrome (PMS): lethargy, apathy, tearfulness, or, conversely, irritability. If bleeding is profuse and prolonged, then these symptoms align signs of anemia – reduce the amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells – appears pale skin and visible mucous membranes, increased heart rate, disturb headache, dizziness, weakness, drowsiness, loss of appetite.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding through indefinitely terminated independently, but often renewed without proper treatment. Acyclic uterine bleeding may be frequent (with an interval of less than 21 days), rare (with an interval of more than 35 days), blood loss when they may be more than normal (over 100 ml). But in the future almost always develops amenorrhea – ie no menstruation for 3-6 months or more. When ovarian dysfunction in child-bearing age are almost always improved the content of estrogen in the body. This is a risk factor for diseases such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, breast cancer, mastopathy.

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Pre-eclampsia - a severe form of late toxicosis of pregnancy, which is expressed by high blood pressure. It restricts the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. In addition, it affects the liver, kidney and brain of the mother.

Variety of pre-eclampsia

Causes of pre-eclampsia

The exact cause of preeclampsia and eclampsia is unknown, although some researchers point to poor nutrition, high levels of body fat or insufficient blood flow to the uterus as possible causes.

The main symptoms of preeclampsia

Treatment of pre-eclampsia

Depends on how severe the symptoms and at what stage of pregnancy you are. At moderate pre-eclampsia is usually prescribed bed rest – or at home or in hospital.

In more complicated cases, treatment will be more radical. If the mother’s high blood pressure does not control or signs of deterioration in the mother or child, to replace the bed rest and medication will come immediate delivery. Deliveries can be natural, and by Caesarean section.

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Births occurred between the 28 th week of pregnancy and the 37 th week of pregnancy is called premature, and the unborn child – prematurely.

Causes of preterm birth

First of all, the infection. Inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane of the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina are the main factors that cause premature termination of pregnancy.

A common cause of premature birth is isthmic-cervical insufficiency. As a result of trauma induced abortion or rupture with complicated childbirth the cervix is unable to hold the egg membranes in the uterus. Another reason may be hyperandrogenism – a condition in which a woman’s blood contained excessive amounts of male sex hormones.

The main symptoms of preterm labor

The main symptoms of threatening preterm birth are pain in the abdomen and lower back. They may be permanent or of a cramping nature. On examination, or in the process of ultrasound can reveal an increased ability of the uterus to contract. Against the background of excessive excitability of the uterus change the motor activity of the fruit – it may increase or, conversely, to decline. The appearance of mucous discharge from the genital tract evidence of structural changes in the cervix. This means that the threatening preterm labor go into the next phase – which began preterm birth. Categorical symptom are regular contractions. In some cases, birth begins with amniorrhea.

In some cases, especially when there isthmic-cervical insufficiency, preterm delivery can occur virtually asymptomatic. Disclosure of the cervix in these cases is not under the influence of labor, but because of the inability of cervico-uterine peresheechnogo Department to "maintain" the pregnancy. In this case, first a sense of gravity (a feeling of "foreign body") into the vagina, suggesting-obopuschenii membranes

Treatment of preterm birth

The appearance of symptoms of preterm labor requires immediate hospitalization in the maternity hospital. Before examination the doctor recommended to take sedatives and spasmodicals

In the hospital trying to save the pregnancy, because every day in the womb increases the chances of the child to survive.

A treatment aimed at reducing the contractile activity of the uterus. Для этого назначаются специальные препараты, оказывающие токолитическое действие, т.е. reduce uterine tone.

Pregnant should be sure to comply with bed rest. In the food better to avoid the use of sharp, oily and difficult to digest food.

Preventing preterm birth

It is very important before pregnancy tested for infection, and the detection of the disease – binding heal him. Before pregnancy you have not passed the appropriate examination, this should be done as early as possible during pregnancy. The earlier revealed the presence of microorganisms capable of causing premature termination of pregnancy, the better.

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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is called a complex set of psycho-emotional and vegetative-vascular disorders that arise before the onset of menstruation and passing immediately after its commencement or during the early days.

Frequency syndrome varies depending on age (it occurs in one fifth of women aged 30 years and more than half of women older than 40 years).

It is assumed that the ICP is caused by high levels of estrogen – Female sex hormones – in the last days of the cycle.

Symptoms appear in 2-10 days before menstruation. Depending on the severity of PMS are three variants of its course:

Manifestations of the ICP also different:

All these groups of symptoms are manifested in the ICP in various combinations.

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