Researchers hoping to develop a “therapeutic vaccine to stimulate immunity and artificially pay him to fight cancer. “We first conducted experiments on mice, then on cancer cells, as well as immune cells taken from patients, people, and found that salmonella bacteria have the same impact,” – said Maria Reshin of the European Institute of Oncology in Milan. As a sample of her colleagues choose the type of salmonella, which is not capable of causing salmonella. This bacterium is aiming “tumor cells, helping the immune system to recognize them and destroy.

According to the publication, at an early stage of formation of tumor immune cells in time to straighten out with pathogens. The main role does protein connexin-43 / Cx43 /, which forms a slit cell contacts between different types of nervous tissue. These contacts allow the transmission of intercellular signals that govern the different properties of the cells. The proteins of tumor cells pass through these contacts and experience with immune cells, causing them a backlash aimed at combating pathogens.

According to scientists, the new drug is particularly effective for the treatment of complicated forms of cancer, like breast cancer, ovarian, colon and pancreas. The vaccine was created based on the discovery that some of the most aggressive tumors produce hormones that are usually found only in pregnant women.

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) is a determining factor when using a pregnancy test – namely the presence of this hormone has a positive result.

Professor Wood has found that some form of hCG is also produced when certain types of bladder cancer, as well as half of the cases, pancreas, exactly as in the tumors of the ovary, colon and breast cancer.

With the new drug, there is a reprogramming of the human immune system, which subsequently began to destroy the hCG. This process leads to a significant reduction of tumors, as well as in blocking the spread of metastases in the body.

The vaccine has already passed the first stage of clinical trials and has yielded positive results. It assures the professor Ray Wood, a new unique drug came on the market within five years. Wood believes that only in the UK alone, the vaccine each year will save tens of thousands of sick people.

Malignant tumor appearing more frequently in the menopause in the form of dense knots, infiltrates, or papillary growths, ulcers are often formed with thick edges. Precancerous are kraurosis vulva leukoplakia.Solid cancerous tumor growing on the surface and in depth, in the process quickly involved inguinal lymph nodes. Depending on the spread distinguish I, II, III and IV stages.

Symptoms and course

The initial symptoms are itching, burning in the field of the vulva and then joining the pain and the decay of the tumor – purulent bloody discharge.

Treatment

At stages I and II – combined (surgery and radiotherapy), with stages III and IV – radiotherapy.

CANCER Vagina

As an independent disease is rare. Most sick in women after menopause and menopause. Process proceeds in the form of the appearance of a dense infiltrate or ulcer on the walls of the vagina with rapid ulceration.

Symptoms and course

Purulent-bloody leukorrhea, pain, appear not earlier than 2 stages of the process. 

Treatment

Radiation. Mobile metastases in regional lymph nodes removed surgically

CANCER

This is the most common malignant tumor of female genital mutilation. Distinguish:

Symptoms and course

Subjectively, the initial stage (0) does not manifest itself, I st. accompanied by serous or sanioserous whiter, growing in vaginal study, after sexual intercourse, the act of defecation (contact bleeding). Позже, при II и III ст. Appear purulent bloody leukorrhea with putrid odor, abdominal pain, lumbar region, a violation of general condition: intoxication, dysfunction of the bladder and rectum, dramatic weight loss.

Treatment

In the initial stages (0 and I) may be surgical and combined (operational and radiation) treatment. In II and III century. - The holding of combined radiation therapy. In the IV century. - Symptomatic treatment.

Prevention is to identify pathological conditions of the cervix, promote the development of cancer: cervical erosion, its cicatricial changes endocervicitis and their timely treatment.

Hysterocarcinoma

Proceeds in the form of a diffuse lesion of the uterine lining (endometrium) or individual polypous growths. Germinate in the strata of the uterus, cancer spread to the epididymis and the peritoneum. Distant metastases occur late.

Symptoms and course

Progressing slowly, is characterized by serous-bloody or purulent or bloody foul belyami acyclic bleeding in elderly women, or bleeding in the menopause. When these symptoms need to make scraping the uterine cavity with histological examination scraping.

Treatment

Combined (surgery and radiotherapy) or complex (surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy).

Ovarian cancer

In the early stages are asymptomatic. Further increasing the abdomen, palpable tumor, there is ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity). In advanced cases there are pain, intoxication, disturbance of function of the bladder and intestine, cachexia (wasting).

Treatment

Combined: surgery followed by the application of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy.

Mastopatia - the pathological state of the mammary gland caused by disorders of hormonal regulation. The most common disease of the breast occurs in women 30-40 years. If the normal soreness in the breast notes before menstruation, when you constantly worried about mastitis, it may also be discharge from the nipple. Painful, sometimes even soft to the touch of mammary glands. When mastitis in breast tumor nodules appear to slightly denser breast tissue. Particularly noticeable, they (along with increased pain) in the premenstrual period, and after months of decline again until complete disappearance. In the future there are more serious changes in breast tissue. When focal mastitis need surgical intervention. For clinical data, among patients with focal mastopathy who refuse surgery, breast cancer developed in 4 times more frequently than among the general female population.

The girls, young women may have nodal formation of a benign nature - fibroadenoma. This is clearly delineated dense rounded nodules with a smooth surface. They can easily shift into the breast tissue, sometimes multiple. Mammary glands are an integral part of the reproductive (fertility) system and responsive to all its changes, along with her developed, operated and fade. Probably, many women have noticed that these changes occur not only in terms of age, pregnancy, breast-feeding period, and during each menstrual cycle, during which the maintenance of female sex hormones in the blood evenly. Shortly before menstruation glands swell and become more sensitive, and after menstruation, all these sensations disappear. All these phenomena are normal, physiological.

In the presence of inflammation uterus, cystic degeneration of the ovaries of female sex hormones increases disrupted cyclicity in their selection. This negatively affects the mammary glands. These tissues appear small brushes, which merge with each other. Around brushes grows connective tissue. So there is disease of the breast in the breast.

The normal function of mammary glands – the best prevention of precancerous diseases and cancer. A woman should always keep the first pregnancy and childbirth have. Interruption of first pregnancy often leads to inflammation of the uterus, sterility, which in turn disrupts the hormonal metabolism. Favorably affects the function of mammary glands repeated pregnancies, prolonged breast-feeding (up to a year), breast, non-abortion. Abortion is not only terminate the pregnancy, but also causes regression of glandular cells in the mammary glands. As a result, they formed high-density areas, which may develop breast cancer.

Proved that in areas where the number of abortions is minimal, having prolonged breast-feeding and frequent large families, breast cancer is rarely recorded, and vice versa. On the balance of sex hormones in a woman’s body, and, consequently, on the condition of the breast has a definite influence mode of sexual activity. This balance is maintained with periodic flow in a woman’s male sex hormones during sexual intercourse. Among the seemingly full health woman usually finds herself in the mammary gland seal. The tumor grows slowly in size. If it is located near the nipple, the nipple is drawn, can be spotting from it.Soon in the armpit appear dense knots – a tumor metastasizes to the lymph paths in the axillary lymph nodes. In this situation especially dangerous waiting attitude: "Look, what would happen next," If not itself held, go to the doctor. " All these changes are generally very little concern to the patient, do not interfere with her to live, work, and many women can not even pay attention to them, and if they pay, then do not give them special value, postponing a visit to the doctor.

Initial symptoms of breast cancer is really very small, they almost do not bother the woman and forget to drive away the thought of them easily. But time passes and these symptoms are increasing, new, more pronounced changes, which significantly disturb the patient. Observed deformation of the breast, indrawing of the skin, swelling, and soon there are metastases to nearby lymph nodes. Expanding and increasing in size, the tumor penetrates into the surrounding tissue: skin, tissue, fascia, ribs, appear in great pain. Woman forced to go to the doctor, but treatment at this point is often ineffective. Many opportunities are lost forever, the difficult treatment and its results uncertain.

If treatment is started in stage I breast cancer, a persistent cure is achieved in more than 90% of cases, in II – 60% in III – only 40% and stage IV – is even lower.

Early diagnosis can save your breasts!

Breast self-test may allow to detect cancer at an early stage, and this may mean less defaced surgery. The difference may lie in more or less interference, or even in the choice between the removal of nodes or the entire breast. Thus, most experts believe that every woman over age 20 should perform the following recommendations:

How often arises testicular cancer and that predispose to its development?

Testicular cancer most often occurs in men aged 15-40 years. There are three peak incidence of testicular cancer: up to 10 years, 20-40 years, and after 60 years. Testicular cancer is about 2% of all neoplasms in men is one of the "young" tumors.

Kriptorhizm – a state in which, during fetal development or the first months of life, the egg does not fall into the scrotum, remaining in the abdominal cavity or inguinal canal.

When cryptorchidism cancer occurs 10 times more frequently in patients with no sunken eggs. The highest risk of developing cancer in patients with intrabdominalno (inside the abdominal cavity) located testes.

In 20% of cases in patients with unilateral cryptorchidism developed cancer in the closed testicle.

If both testicles are peritoneal cavity, the risk of developing cancer is 30%.

Testicle or testes remain in the abdominal cavity, where the temperature is higher than in the scrotum by 2-3 degrees. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can lead to mutations, which in turn can lead to cancer. As reported in various scientific studies, cryptorchidism increases the chances of developing testicular cancer in 3-14 times. Heredity plays a role, but the genes that determine the development of testicular cancer has not yet been identified. Some time ago there was the view that testicular cancer can be triggered by trauma. However, most experts believe that the injury is a cause for the treatment of the patient to the doctor and diagnose an existing cancer.

Symptoms of testicular cancer

The first symptom, which often makes a man turn to a doctor, is the presence of neoplasm in the scrotum. Neoplasm is detected, usually by accident. Unfortunately, regular scrotum is not a self-promoted in Ukraine, as a method of early detection of cancer. In general, cancers of the testicle say little and little written in the media. Node or a small swelling, found a man, usually painless. One-third of patients report pain.

About 10 percent of the first manifestations associated with the appearance of distant metastases. Thus, in tumors of the testicle metastases may appear in retroperitoneal lymph nodes, ureters, and pinch to break the outflow of urine, which in turn may cause exacerbation of pyelonephritis or lead to hydronephrosis. Metastases may appear in the lymph nodes of the neck, where they are squeezing the upper airways, which in turn leads to shortness of breath, cough. Testicular tumors metastasize to the brain, causing mental changes, breach of neurological (paresis, paralysis). Testicular tumors metastasize to the lungs, disrupting the respiratory function. When metastatic testicular cancer occurs in the bone pain and fractures.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of testicular tumors based on clinical data – the patient’s examination, inspection and feeling the scrotum, as well as inspection and feeling of possible areas of metastasis. They carry out an ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity, which exclude or confirm the presence of metastases in the internal organs, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. A ultrasound and the testicle itself, which often allows us to identify tumors with other entities scrotum. The factory produces X-rays of light to exclude or confirm the presence of metastases in the lungs.

In the diagnosis of testicular tumors and blood are used for specific tumor markers – proteins that occur during tumor development. So, using a blood test for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, lactate dehydrogenase. Elevated levels of these substances in the blood suggest the likely presence of testicular cancer. These same tests are used after the treatment for control over the tumor, as well as early detection of recurrence.

Treatment

Treatment of testicular cancer depends primarily on the stage. So at the first stage seminoma (no spread to the lymph nodes) should be removed and testicular irradiation of retroperitoneal and iliac lymph nodes. This treatment allows for a 5-year survival rate of 95 per cent (95 per cent of patients treated, live more than 5 years). In the second phase (from axillary lymph nodes, but metastases to the lymph nodes, not larger than 5 cm) is also carried out removal of the affected testicle and radiation retroperitoneal and iliac lymph nodes. Five-year survival rate in this case is 90 percent.

The third stage of the disease requires not only surgery and radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, which necessarily includes cisplatin. In 90 percent of patients can reach 5-year survival. In the fourth stage of testicular cancer, also requires the combined treatment, which can bring success.

When neseminomnyh testicular tumors treatment also includes the operation – orhektomiyu (removal of testicle). If lymph nodes required chemotherapy and surgery, providing for the removal of retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

A self

Testicular tumors may be benign or malignant. A diagnosis testicular cancer is only entitled oncologist. Regular (monthly), a self and immediate access to a doctor in case of detection of one of the above characteristics can prevent the development of malignant tumors, and in case of early detection to achieve full cure.

Stand in front of a mirror. Inspect the scrotum. If the scrotal skin appeared plots redness, and increasing the contents of eggs.

Take the scrotum in his hands. Four fingers keep the egg, and the thumb gently and slowly to test the egg.

Then, try to feel out parorchis – a thin tube, the elastic nature.

By the doctor should contact in case:

The main function of the thyroid gland – is the secretion of specific hormones. Thyroid hormones – thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The general effect of these hormones – stimulation of all types of metabolism.

According to WHO, in recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer in the world doubled, mainly due to diseases of the young and middle age. One of the major issues in oncology is the question of the relationship of thyroid cancer with background processes. Similarly, the increase in incidence is due not only to its true growth, but better diagnosis, thanks to the improvement of diagnostic methods in recent times. However, the main cause of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, still serves as a deficiency of iodine in the body.

Development of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland is preceded by nodular goiter, diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid parenchyma of reversible and irreversible, nodular hyperplasia, adenoma.

In clinical and morphological characteristics of tumors of the thyroid gland are divided into:

Benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid gland in most cases are asymptomatic. This leads to late diagnosis, which in turn affects the results of treatment.

The choice of treatment for thyroid cancer depends on many factors: the prevalence of the process, histological structure of the tumor, patient age, sex, etc.

The leading method in the treatment of thyroid cancer is surgical. Additional methods are: teletherapy, radioyodablatsiya, suppressive therapy, drug treatment.

For larger tumors, ie, in the later stages along with the above symptoms may be the following (mostly malignant tumors):

For prostate cancer with metastases characterized by the following symptoms:

Why there is kidney cancer?

To say why there is renal cell carcinoma is difficult to say why there is cancer of the kidney in a specific patient, is impossible. There is evidence that people employed in the manufacture of aniline dyes, kidney cancer occur much more frequently. In this regard, some carcinogens, are formed in the manufacture of aniline dyes, was accused of a carcinogenic effect on the kidneys. These carcinogens are accused of involvement in the emergence of bladder cancer. Increased risk of disease observed in patients with Hippel-Lindau disease, horseshoe kidney, polycystic and acquired cysts, which are accompanied by a high content of nitrogenous substances in the blood (uremia). Last condition is the result of insufficient kidney function.

Symptoms of kidney cancer

There are three symptoms of kidney cancer, about which patients generally go to the doctor – hematuria, education and pain in the stomach. Hematuria is literally translated from Latin as "blood in the urine.Distinguish microhematuria and gross hematuria. In microhematuria elements of blood in the urine can be seen only under a microscope. Naturally, the study performed in the laboratory. Urine, however, remains the ordinary color. In gross hematuria the urine becomes red from the blood. While this can be seen without a microscope. Most often, hematuria appears against a background of full health, with that characteristic of renal cancer, hematuria often is not accompanied by pain (this is more typical of renal colic with urolithiasis). After his appearance hematuria may quickly disappear. In this case it may be repeated quite a different time – a few days, months, and sometimes a year or two. There is bleeding due to tumor growth, which destroys the fabric of the kidney, rich blood vessels. Of them, and poured out blood. Blood clots may roll in, which in turn can cause renal colic, similar to that which occurs when urolithiasis.

The tumor gradually increased in size, which leads to the appearance of a second symptom – the appearance of a certain tumors in the stomach. Kidneys with the tumor can be palpated through the abdomen.Often thin patients notice their own kidney in the early stages. More frequently, only the discovery of the kidney during the inspection of the abdomen not to say an early stage tumor.

If untreated, the tumor beyond the capsule of the kidney and germinates neighboring structures – the fatty tissue, blood vessels. As a result of compression of the nerve endings may receive pain. Only 10-15 percent of cases the pain appears in the early forms of kidney cancer. In most cases, the pain indicates a common tumor. The tumor grows its surrounding blood vessels and thus may be violated current venous blood from the trunk veins of the abdominal cavity – the inferior vena cava. In men, such a breach can lead to varicocele – expand the veins of the spermatic cord.

The pain may be the result of metastasis – the emergence of new foci of growth in other organs. Kidney cancer metastasizes to almost all organs and tissues. Most metastases are detected in the lungs, liver, bones.

Sometimes renal cell carcinoma can appear unusual symptoms. This tumor can produce hormones or biologically active substances. As a result, may develop a significant increase in the number of red blood cells, a significant increase in the level of calcium in the blood, high blood pressure, abnormal liver function, etc.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based, of course, the complaints of the patient, as well as on data from general clinical examination, and research methods (clinical blood analysis, clinical analysis of urine, etc.). Currently, the main methods of instrumental diagnosis of kidney cancer is an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, urography (X-ray study of the kidneys with contrast agents), radionuclide scanning, and computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The last two methods can accurately establish the incidence of tumors. Mandatory inspection of the patient with suspected renal cell carcinoma is a lung X-ray, and radiography of the pelvis and chest. If you suspect a metastatic lesion of bone necessary to carry out radionuclide bone scans, which allows you to specify the presence of metastases in the bones.

Treatment

Main method of treatment for kidney cancer is surgical. Operative intervention in almost all cases, whenever possible. During the operation, performed removal of the kidney, as well as adipose tissue, which surrounds it and ureter (radical nephrectomy). Currently designed and organ-preserving surgery in cancer of the kidney. They are held in the early stages of tumor in cases where the patient can not remove a kidney. Thus we are not talking about the prevalence of the process. It is about where the remaining kidney can not assume all responsibility for the allocation of metabolic products from the body. Such operations involve removal of only part of the kidney. As shown by research, long-term results of operations differ little from operations to remove kidney (nephrectomy). However, since the organ operations there is a higher risk of local recurrence.

Five-year survival rate of patients after radical nephrectomy in the first stage is 70-80 per cent. If the tumor affects the inferior vena cava, after the operation 5 or more years of living about 40-50 percent of patients (2 stage). With involvement of the renal vein (Stage 2) Five-year survival rate is 50-60 percent. If the process was involved fatty tissue surrounding the kidney (3 stage), the survival rate is 70-80 per cent. Any damage to regional lymph nodes (3-4 phase) 5-year survival rate ranges from 5 to 20 percent. In the presence of sprouting tumor to neighboring organs or the presence of distant metastases, 5 year survival rate is no more than 5 percent.

Currently, most scientists recognize the utility of the operation with single distant metastasis of kidney cancer. As the results of research, such operations improve the quality of life of the patient and prolong his life.

Among the urban population of pancreatic cancer occurs more frequently than among residents of rural areas.

Risks

Aware of the various factors contributing to the development of pancreatic cancer:

Clinical picture

The clinical picture of lesions of the pancreas depends on the tumor. The tumors most often located in the head of the pancreas (75% of cases), sometimes hitting her body and tail.

Symptoms of cancer head of pancreas can be divided into two periods. In the early stages of the disease little worried sick, and they do not seek medical help. The first alarming symptom of the disease is most often a pain in the epigastrium and hypochondrium sometimes with irradiation in the back (girdle pain), with the increase of intensity during the night. In the future, characterized by progressive weight loss without any clear reason, the severity of the epigastric region after the meal, general weakness and disability.

With the progressive increase in tumor appears leading sign of cancer head of pancreas – jaundice – a consequence of tumor compression of common bile duct. It starts suddenly, without preceding pain attack, then rapidly increases. Join itchy skin, dark urine and stool discoloration. In addition to jaundice may have severe digestive disorders: loss of appetite, nausea, belching, vomiting, diarrhea, there is increasing dehydration, cachexia (a sharp decrease in body weight).

Cancer of the body or tail of the pancreas is manifested in the later stages, such as tumor localization causing obstructive jaundice in only 10% of cases. Cancer of the body glands quickly germinates in mesenteric vessels, portal vein. Sometimes (10-20%) in connection with the destruction of insulin-producing cells develop diabetes. Tumor of the tail of the pancreas often germinates portal vein and spleen vessels, which leads to the development of portal hypertension with splenomegaly and other characteristic symptoms. With the localization of tumor in the tail and the body of cancer pain is particularly pronounced in relation to the germination of many tumor surrounding the gland nerve plexus. Often the first and only symptom of cancer of the body and tail of the pancreas may be multiple venous thrombosis.

Some rare forms of tumors originate from cells secreting the hormones of the pancreas, which largely determines the clinical picture of the disease. Thus, tumor, highlighting glucagon, leads to an increase in blood sugar levels, and dermatitis. Tumor, highlighting insulin, leads to a severe reduction in blood sugar, which is manifested in weakness, cold sweat, loss of consciousness, and with prolonged duration – the violation of the brain.

Diagnosis

In the diagnosis of tumors of the pancreas are applied instrumental and laboratory techniques.

Major instrumental techniques include:

Ultrasound (ultrasonography) – the most common and available method for diagnosing diseases of the pancreas. But, unfortunately, the possibility of ultrasound are not limitless and any entity may identify and evaluate the ultrasonic sensor. Here come to the aid of more modern technology.

CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance therapy) are more informative than ultrasound, but did not always allow one hundred percent correct diagnosis.

Endoscopic ultrasound and intraduct – variety ultrasound, a combination of ultrasound and endoscopic technique, in which the study is carried out from the lumen of the stomach and duodenum, which adjoins the pancreas. Hence, a clearer picture and the possibility of more accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

When intraduct ultrasound (currently the most accurate noninvasive study tool used for the diagnosis of tumors of the pancreas), an endoscope with a probe conducted into the duodenum, determined by the location to which empties into pancreatic duct (duct Virsungov), after which the sensor is put forward and introduced into the lumen duct. Study is carried out through the pancreatic duct, ie in the vicinity of cancer tissue.

In some cases, apply angiographic study, diagnostic laparoscopy.

Laboratory techniques

Determination of blood parameters, indirect evidence in favor of the destruction of the pancreas.

This:

In some cases, despite the use of these diagnostic procedures, there are considerable difficulties in the differential diagnosis of some forms of chronic pancreatitis (benign disease of the pancreas). In this situation, the final diagnosis is made on the basis of cytological and histological examination of material obtained at biopsy.

It should be remembered that the identification of any, even malignant disease at an early stage improves the forecast of the forthcoming treatment.

Treatment

Treatment of pancreatic cancer surgery. In previous years the operation was purely palliative in nature and amounted to the imposition of an anastomosis for diversion of bile to the intestine. Over the past decade, surgery of this area has achieved considerable success. In the early, uncommon forms of cancer of the head of the pancreas produce a complex operation – pancreat-duodenal resection, removing part of the pancreas with ducts and duodenum, and then sophisticated reconstructive techniques restore the pathways of bile and intestinal contents. But such a radical operation is possible only in 10-30% of patients. Carcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas is removal of the affected part of the gland. With common processes and, especially, in the presence of metastases, which are cancer of the pancreas makes quite early in the nearby and distant lymph nodes in the abdomen, producing the above palliative surgery.

Radiation therapy is ineffective. Some successes have during chemotherapy.

Metastasis

Pancreatic cancer metastasizes early and often in regional lymph nodes and liver. It is also possible metastasis to the lungs, bones, peritoneum, pleura, adrenals, etc.

Forecast

When tumors pancreat-duodenal zone of severe weather, for early detection of these tumors in most cases is difficult and the implementation of radical intervention is possible only in limited cases.

Almost 70% of patients, diagnosis is late. Results of treatment of such patients in this connection is very bad. In the U.S., adenocarcinoma of the pancreas takes 4 place in the structure of cancer death.

Prevention

Denial of smoking. Excluding the impact of harmful factors of environment, occupational hazard (asbestos dust). Early treatment of chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus. Systematic preventive examinations in the presence of cysts and benign tumors of the pancreas, chronic pancreatitis.

Causes

The external factors contributing to the development of esophageal cancer, include unhealthy diet:

Noticed the role of geographical factors. The frequency of carcinoma is much higher in some areas of China, Iran, Central Asia, which is believed to be due to the inclusion in the diet of large quantities of pickled foods, nitrosamines, fungi, very hot food (tea) and a reduced content of selenium in the diet, fresh fruit and vegetables.

Risk of disease rises with a deficit of vitamins, especially A and C.

Smoking increases the risk of disease by 2-4 times. Abuse of alcohol – up to 12 times.

The probability of occurrence of esophageal cancer increases with alkali burns (even many years after exposure).

Precancerous lesions can be considered as diseases such as achalasia of the esophagus, Barrett’s esophagus (risk of subsequent development of carcinoma – 10%).

Clinical picture

Common nonspecific symptoms, and unnerving for malignant disease:

The clinical picture of cancer of the esophagus rather bright. The first complaint the patient – the feeling of difficulty passing the solid food the esophagus. This symptom (dysphagia) are first expressed slightly, so the patients and doctors do not give it due importance, attributing his appearance at the expense of injured esophageal mucosa rough lump of food or bone.

Because of difficulty passing food along the esophagus, patients avoid solid food, resorting to worn-, promolotoy food, then have to be limited only liquid products – tea, milk, broth. Often associated vomiting.Sometimes dysphagia comes to such an extent that the patient can not swallow even saliva. It starts with a progressive weight loss, often reaching up to exhaustion (cachexia).

In the development of the disease, during germination of tumor beyond the esophagus may occur retrosternal pain, sometimes fiery character. Sometimes changes in voice frequency.

In the decay of a tumor may develop complications:

All of the described complications require immediate medical intervention!

Diagnosis

The presence of previously submitted symptoms may come across you or your doctor to conduct the necessary research.

Instrumental

X-rays and EGDS with biopsy – the main methods of diagnosis of cancer of the esophagus. When combined gastroscopy and biopsy of the probability of a correct and timely diagnosis, even at an early stage of esophageal cancer is 95%.

To determine the prevalence of the tumor process, lymph nodes, detection of possible distant metastases applied CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance therapy).

To assess the possibility of germination of tumors of the esophagus into the trachea or bronchus in the presence of suspicion performed bronchoscopy.

In complex cases can be applied mediastinoskopii (study periesophageal space by means of an endoscope.

Also in terms of comprehensive examination and to detect metastases shows an overview chest radiograph, liver ultrasound, isotope studies of bones of the skeleton. It should be remembered that the identification of any, even malignant disease at an early stage improves the forecast of the forthcoming treatment.

Treatment

Treatment of cancer of the esophagus is carried out surgically, radiotherapy and combined method (a combination of surgical and radiation treatment method).

Chemotherapy as an independent method of treatment is ineffective. The method of treatment depends on the prevalence of the tumor and its localization.

Any damage to the lower and middle third of the esophagus is used surgical treatment (followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy if indicated). With the spread of surgical treatment and the inability to use radiation therapy as an independent method.

Any damage to the upper third of the esophagus in the main resort to radiotherapy.

Surgical treatment of esophageal cancer is to remove the esophagus (there are various modifications of surgical treatment) with subsequent grafting of gastric or intestinal (intestinal or colonic) tube.

To improve the results of surgical treatment after the surgery is performed chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

If you can not be degraded in the process of surgical treatment and a high degree of dysphagia, the patient can not eat, in order to impose a gastrostomy feeding – under local anesthesia stomach sutured to the anterior abdominal wall and enter it in the tube for feeding.

Metastasis

Esophageal cancer metastasizing to the mediastinal lymph nodes, with distant metastasis affects the liver (20%), lung (10%), skeletal system, brain.

Forecast

Forecast as of other sites of cancer depends on tumor incidence and presence of metastases, the patient’s age. Each case should be considered separately.

Prevention

The basis of prevention of all forms of cancer (including cancer of the esophagus) is the timely detection and treatment of precancerous lesions (in this case – achalasia of the esophagus, Barrett’s esophagus) as well as identify cancer early, which makes it possible to conduct a successful radical treatment.

All this is achieved in a timely passage of preventive examinations, attentive attitude towards their health.

Also advisable to give up bad habits and to normalize food.