MEDICAL

Polyps in the nose - a benign tumor formation, growing from the wall of the intestine in its lumen.

Causes of polyps in the nose

Formed mainly as a result of prolonged irritation of the mucous membranes. Often the cause of polyps is an allergy ..

The main symptoms of polyps in the nose

Shortness of nasal breathing, headaches, poor sleep, stuffy ears, reduced sense of smell.

Treatment of polyps in the nose

Polyps of the nose treated as conservatively and surgically. The most effective holistic approach in surgical removal of polyps followed by a course of conservative local treatment.

The conservative method is based on the application: normal nasal lavage (saline or furatsilinom) of drugs prescribed by a doctor, physiotherapy.

Surgical treatment is to remove polyps.

The most common method of disposal is by polipnoy loop. This method is quite painful, accompanied by bleeding, and most importantly – are only removed polyps, which are seen a doctor in the nasal cavity. When this method is unable to remove the polyps directly from the nose and sinuses, especially, to eliminate anatomical causes of polyps.

Unfortunately, surgery does not always help. Some people after surgery polyps begin to grow again.

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An important factor in the development of inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) are bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Pneumonia – not only lung infections and there is about 30 different lung infections. If any form of infected spongy, air-filled lung tissue. Inhaled oxygen can no longer adequately diffuse into the blood stream.

Many types of pneumonia caused by bacteria. Pneumococcal pneumonia – the most common type of bacterial pneumonia. It is caused by pneumococcus bacteria that live in the nasopharynx. Bacteria can enter the lungs in violation of the immunity and low resistance to infection or SARS, weaken the protective function of the lungs.

Infection of pneumococcal pneumonia usually settles in one lung. If the infection has penetrated, then the part can easily fill up quickly so a lot of mucus and pus, that the air is no longer able to penetrate and output from the affected area. These bacteria produce toxins, contributing to disease severity.

Symptoms of pneumonia

Sudden chills and fever up to 39,4-41,1 º. Increasingly, though constraints in the chest, shortness of breath, dry cough, which soon becomes extremely painful.

The infection progresses so quickly that at times apparently healthy people may be at death’s door just a few hours. He soon starts to cough sticky mucus mixed with pus and phlegm rusty color of the affected lung. If this condition left unattended and not treated, high fever and chills, which can last up to two weeks may bring a patient to a state of exhaustion.

Those who survive are going through a crisis. Temperature drops sharply, there is a strong perspiration, from the patient’s lung, expectorant lot of phlegm.

For complete recovery requires a long period of time. In some cases, lung tissue is so riddled with scars, that the patient is extremely vulnerable to infections.

If the disease should, as soon as possible to seek medical help. Do you have a good chance of recovery, if you begin treatment within the first five days.

Sulfanilamidnye drugs and antibiotics are usually effective against the bacteria that cause disease. In recent years, there are more and more antibiotic-resistant types of bacteria.Pneumococcal pneumonia usually die newborns and the elderly.

In general, pneumonia is the most dangerous threat as a secondary infection, which runs on the heels of viral diseases such as measles, SARS or influenza.

Other forms of pneumonia have similar symptoms, but usually develop more slowly and less often fatal.

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Pleurisy - an inflammation of the pleura, two-layer membrane lining the chest cavity. Pleura densely located around the lung, has a thin wetting layer of liquid between two layers of the shell. Typically, its function is to ensure the easy opportunity to move freely within the chest, thus carrying out the normal process of respiration. When pleurisy such movement is limited.

Primary effusion occurs in the pleural tissue in the presence of pathogens (germs) and also because of injury or a neoplasm (tumor). Secondary pleurisy is the result of the influence of any other respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, in which germs reach the pleura. Pleurisy may be one way or another, connected with tuberculosis or lung cancer.

Dry pleurisy - an inflammation, not forming a liquid. This form can be extremely painful, especially in cases when there is stretching the outer layer of the pleura in the implementation of inspiration.

When dry pleurisy is, he can leave as it were "stuck together" sections of tissue (adhesion) – contraction of tissue stretched between the light and the wall of the chest cavity. Sometimes these "sticking" so severe that restrict the movement of the lungs.

Wet pleurisy (pleural effusion) is characterized by excess fluid, invading the space between the sheets of pleura. The liquid can be formed by the outpouring of blood or lymph, or as a result of wounds in the chest, followed by bleeding.

In wet pleurisy fluid in the pleural cavity may limit the movement of light and, consequently, the ability to breathe.

In order to eliminate pain, limitation of motion of light is desirable in any way reduce the tension sick tissues. Your doctor may suggest you lie down on the affected side of the chest, on a hard surface to restrict the movement of the hand as he breathed. In wet pleurisy doctor may remove fluid by suction it through a special needle.

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Pulmonary heart - the state of overload and right heart hypertrophy, appearing in chronic nonspecific lung disease, pulmonary embolism, and so on the basis of – increasing the pressure in the lesser circulation. There are acute (within a few hours, days), subacute (within a few weeks, months) and chronic (many years) the development of pulmonary heart. By his lead: diseases affecting the lung tissue (chronic obstructive bronchitis, emphysema, pneumosclerosis, pulmonary infarction, extensive pneumonia), and changes of the musculoskeletal system, providing ventilation (severe curvature of the spine), the primary lesions of pulmonary vessels.

Symptoms and flow. In acute and subacute pulmonary heart – symptoms typical of infarction pneumonia. Are growing signs of right heart failure, swelling of neck veins, increased liver. In chronic pulmonary heart marked dyspnea, cyanosis, increasing the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin in peripheral blood, slowing ESR.

Recognition is carried out on the basis of clinical data, changes in electrocardiogram and chest radiograph.

Treatment of acute and subacute pulmonary heart is primarily a treatment for pulmonary embolism, and chronic – includes the heart, diuretics, use of heparin, hirudin, leeches, bloodletting, and oxygen therapy aimed at reducing the manifestations of oxygen starvation of the tissues and circulatory failure. Physical load limit.

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Pulmonary infarction - a disease is caused by blood clots (thrombosis) in the pulmonary artery or skidding out of his peripheral veins (thromboembolism). By that predispose surgery, post-partum period, heart failure, fractures of long bones, malignant tumors, prolonged bed rest. Closure of the lumen of the vessel thrombus leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries and contributes to hemorrhage in the lung tissue. Accession bacterial infection causes inflammation of this site (pneumonia).

Symptoms and course are determined by caliber, the location and number of closed vascular thrombus, the initial lung disease and heart. The most frequent symptoms: the sudden shortness of breath (sudden efforts), chest pain, pallor, with a pale skin color, cyanosis, heart rhythm disturbances (increase, atrial fibrillation, extrasystoles), decreased blood pressure, changes in the nervous system, fever, cough with mucous, or bloody sputum, coughing up blood. Can hear the noise of friction of the pleura, finely wheezing in a limited area.

Recognition. X-ray of the lungs (increased root of the lung, the triangular shadow infarction pneumonia, pleurisy symptoms). The decisive role belongs to the selective angiopulmografii, scintigraphy of the lungs.

Treatment. Emergency hospitalization at the first sign of pulmonary infarction. Fibrinolytic (clot-dissolving) agents: streptokinase, streptodekaza, alvezin, fibrinolysin, etc. in combination with heparin, eufillina, reopolyglukine, antibiotics. After improving the overall condition and eliminate vital dangerous manifestations of the disease treatment is carried out by the general rules of treatment of pneumonia.

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Bronchitis - an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the walls of the bronchi. Bronchi, in turn, constitute an extensive network of pipes of different diameters, conducting inhaled air from the throat to the lungs. When infection or inflammation of the bronchi disrupted air circulation to the lungs and from them, due to edema of the bronchi and large separation mucus.

Typically, bronchitis develops after an acute respiratory infection (ARI) or the common cold, but because we are sick colds each year, most of us have had an episode of bronchitis at least once in their lifetime. With proper treatment of bronchitis is a few days, leaving no impact, while the cough may last for three weeks or more. If you’re bronchitis several times a year, this may indicate the development of a more serious condition – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. State described by this term, is a group of diseases, devastating effect on lung tissue. These include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a cough with phlegm that lasts most of the month, at least three months a year and within two years, assuming no other reason that can cause cough (WHO recommendations).

Symptoms of bronchitis

The main feature of bronchitis is a cough with detachable yellowish-gray or greenish phlegm. In some cases the sputum is mixed with blood. Released when coughing or having unpainted white color mucus is not a sign of bacterial infection. It is important to remember that cough – this is one of the most important protective functions. Its role is to purify the respiratory tract. However, useful only moist, productive cough, sputum fluid which can be easily removed.

Normally, the bronchi produce about 30 grams of mucous secretion on a daily basis. Manufactured mucus barrier and serves a protective function. It protects the surface of the bronchi of the damage, moistens and warms the inspired air, provides removal of foreign particles. Biologically active substances contained in the mucus, increase the local immunity of the bronchi. Infectious pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi) or noninfectious (dust, pollen, the components of aerosols) cause damage to the mucosal cells of the bronchi. There is inflammation in which the amount of mucus produced by increases in several times, but also increases its viscosity. Accumulation of mucus leads to difficulty breathing and malfunction of the lungs. In addition, slimy secret is an excellent breeding ground for the growth of microorganisms.

In addition to cough, symptoms of bronchitis include:

Causes of bronchitis

Viruses that cause acute respiratory disease or cold, and can cause acute bronchitis, but the feature of inflammation of the bronchial tree (as mentioned above) is the possibility of becoming a secondary bacterial infection.

Sometimes contributes to the development of bronchitis inhaling tobacco smoke, dust, toxic gases, as well as hydrochloric acid, which in such as gastroesophageal reflux disease comes from the stomach into the esophagus and larynx.

Risk factors in the development of bronchitis

The risk of acute bronchitis or its transition to chronic increases several times, if you smoke or passively inhale smoke. This applies particularly to children whose parents smoke. In this case, besides bronchitis in children increases the risk of ARI, bronchial asthma and pneumonia. In cases when your immune system is weakened by acute or chronic disease, the risk of developing bronchitis also increased.

If you are working in places with a high content of dust in the air, such as cotton, as well as chemicals, acids, alkalis, peroxides, the risk of broncho-pulmonary diseases increases.

When should I apply to the doctor?

If you have a cough with phlegm opaque, tickle or discomfort in the throat, slight fever, and these symptoms persist for 2-3 days, you should always consult a doctor. You should be especially careful if you have associated diseases such as bronchial asthma or heart failure.

If you have recurring bronchitis, consult a doctor. Perhaps you live in an ecologically unfavorable area, or work in hazardous environments. With complete information, the doctor will be able to appoint the most effective treatment.

Methods of diagnosis of bronchitis

Specialists usually listens with a stethoscope your bronchi and lungs. To avoid more serious diseases such as pneumonia, can be assigned to X-ray. It analyzes sputum needed to identify the causative agent.

Treatment of bronchitis

Depending on the severity of the disease the doctor will prescribe you medication and / or non-pharmacological treatment. Most are appointed by inhalation, massage, therapeutic exercise, physical therapy, and drugs that reduce the viscosity of sputum and improve expectoration (expectorants and mucolytic drugs) immunocorrector, antibiotics. Very rarely are drugs that suppress the cough.

Often, doctors recommend drugs, prepared on the basis of plants – herbal. When bronchitis useful broths mother-and-stepmother, wild rosemary, elecampane, juice of black radish with honey, the juice of plantain, an extract of the fruits of anise and thyme, combined herbal preparations, for example, bronhikum. Take herbal needed every 3 hours, strictly observing the therapeutic dose, as overdose can cause vomiting. Do not, however, overestimate the importance and possibilities of herbal medicine. If a 3-4 day illness did not become a wet cough and sputum department still difficult, it is necessary to begin treatment with modern synthetic mucolytic agents, who will appoint you to the doctor.

Antibiotics for bronchitis are appointed by no means always. The need for their application can be determined only doctor. Everything depends on the severity, the nature of the pathogen and disease duration. So far there is no effective antiviral drugs.

Treatment without the use of drugs include the following activities:

When the complex treatment of the disease is useful as a gentle massage of the chest.

Physical movement (but not too active) improve the purification of the bronchi of accumulated mucus and accelerate recovery. Eat light, eat enough calories. Drink a lot of need.Organism, especially in times of illness, needs lots of fluids. It improves the removal of toxins from the body, helps liquefy and remove phlegm.

Preventing bronchitis

The following simple tips will help your body fight infections:

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Bronchial asthma - a chronic allergic lung disease manifesting bouts of shortness of breath or choking, sometimes a dry cough, in response to an allergen or effect against colds, exercise, emotional stress.

Treatment of bronchial asthma – a lengthy process, requiring constant medical supervision and the high responsibility of the patient. The drugs for the treatment of asthma is not aimed at addressing the causes of the disease (which, incidentally, is not yet known), and the withdrawal of attacks and their prevention. That is why so much attention is paid to physicians is the prevention of attacks, and primarily non-medical means.

Prevention includes activities aimed at eliminating the causes of the deterioration of the patient. This is – a healthy lifestyle (with the exception of smoking, maintenance of cleanliness of working and living quarters, regular exposure to fresh air). Despite the seeming simplicity of these measures, they are in reality (a scientific fact!) Contribute to a significant reduction in the frequency of attacks.

Need to know "their" allergen

If you know that an allergen is a pet hair, you should either avoid contact with them, or if you do have a chance of isolated contacts, use of medications to relieve attacks as prophylaxis before contact with the animal.

Allergen can be dry food for aquarium fish – need to replace it with other types of food.

Often the cause of poor health is a pen that is stuffed pillows, and wool mattresses. Therefore, asthmatics need to replace these bedding to contain a synthetic material (sintepon), which are now available for sale without any problems.

Need to review the entire arsenal of cosmetics and perfumes, which you (or those who live with you) are using – among these funds may be those that provoke allergies.

Allergy to pollen – one of the most common species, so if you said that the seizures tend to occur at certain times of the year (at the time of flowering of certain species of grasses or trees), you should be possible to withdraw from the region, and if it is impossible – to take action drug prevention.

Asthma attacks and other manifestations of allergies can also be caused by medications, including acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and other analgesics.

Should be excluded from the diet those foods which can provoke asthma attacks (honey, citrus fruits, nuts, chocolate, products that contain dyes and preservatives, etc.).

It should be understood that from the strict adherence to those principles being improved and therefore reduce the need for medication.

However, in many cases drug therapy can not be avoided. Therefore necessary under the supervision of a physician, allergist or pulmonologist to pick up the regime and the other therapies, which provide the fullest protection from attacks.

There are several criteria by which to judge both the severity of asthma, and the effectiveness of control over its course:

Based on these criteria, doctors are three degrees of severity of asthma: mild, medium and heavy. Each of them is treated in its own way and in accordance with this treatment are three stages of therapy. If treatment is effective, then the patient goes to a higher level in the previous, where more "soft" drugs, or the same as he was, but less frequently or in smaller doses.

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Lung abscess chronic - long-term current suppurative process, which is the outcome of an acute abscess.

Symptoms and flow. Chronic lung abscess occurs with exacerbations and improvements. During remission – complaints of cough with little phlegm, sometimes coughing up blood, a slight increase in body temperature, sweating, chilliness, shortness of breath during physical exertion. In periods of exacerbations (cooling, a viral infection) increases the temperature significantly increases the number of sputum. Above the zone of severe abscess, sometimes bronchial respiration, moist rales.

Recognition. The chest radiograph – a cavity with fluid level in it, surrounded by a zone of inflammation. When bronchoscopy of bronchial drainage allocated pus. In the blood – decrease in hemoglobin, leukocytosis (during exacerbation), the shift formula to the left, increasing the ESR.

Treatment. Conservative treatment of lung abscess – antibiotics, therapeutic bronchoscopy allowed nausea aggravation. The basic method is surgical: excision of the affected area of the lung.

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Lung abscess acute - limited cavity formed by the fusion of purulent lung tissue. Pathogen – various micro-organisms (most commonly Staphylococcus aureus). Characterized by reduced general and local defense functions of the organism due to falling into the lungs and bronchial foreign bodies, mucus, vomit – with alcohol, after a convulsive seizure or unconscious.Contribute to chronic diseases and infections (diabetes, blood diseases), violation of the drainage function of bronchi, prolonged use of glucocorticoids, cytostatics and immunosuppressants.

Symptoms and flow. Acute lung abscess is more common in middle-aged men, 2 / 3 of the patients abused alcohol. The disease begins acutely: chills, fever, pain in the chest. After the breakthrough of pus in the bronchus, a large amount of purulent sputum, sometimes with an admixture of blood and an unpleasant odor. Above the zone of lung injury initially weakened auscultated breath, after breaking abscess – bronchial breathing and moist rales. In 1-3 months there can come a favorable outcome: a thin-walled cyst in the lung or focal pneumosclerosis; unfavorable outcome – an abscess becomes chronic.

Recognition. Radiography When light is detected in the initial stage of a massive blackout, after breaking abscess – a cavity with fluid level in it. Bronchoscopy usually shows inflammatory changes in bronchial wall associated with abscess. In the analysis of blood – leukocytosis, left shift in leukocyte formula, the increase in ESR.

Treatment. Improving draining function of the bronchi (bronchodilators, expectorants, inhalation, repeated therapeutic bronchoscopy). When the location of an abscess in the lower lobes carry drainage regulation, lifting the foot end of bed 20-30 cm antibiotics in high doses, stimulate protective forces of the body (high-calorie diet, protein, vitamins, levomizol, T-activin, antistafilokokkovye plasma and gamma globulin, hemosorbtion, plasmapheresis). When inefficiency in 2-3 months – surgical treatment.

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