MEDICAL

"I passed anesthesia?" – The answer to this question is of concern to all who are going for an operation. And as it turned out, quite by chance: in most hospitals in anesthesia safety standards do not apply. But they exist.

Inhalation anesthesia is better

In industrialized countries, the bulk of anesthesia performed with the use of inhaled anesthetics. Main advantages of such anesthesia linked with the action used in this case, drugs that, with minimal impact on the internal organs provide a controlled and well-controlled anesthesia.

The use of inhaled anesthetics eliminates or significantly reduces the need to use complex combinations of potent drugs which are characteristic of intravenous anesthesia, which is actually not as good as it seems. The fact that many practitioners of clinical use drugs, which are well euthanized, but poorly painkillers.

Others add them to the drugs, after which a few hours saved disorders of consciousness, attention, thinking. In order to physicians is a sad state of affairs has become commonplace: the insurance companies are not interested in the application of modern types of anesthesia, because they are more expensive cost of treatment to which budgetary hospitals do not have enough money.

Risk Zone

However, in varying degrees, damage brain cells virtually all anesthetics. As a result of their use of the neurons die. And although in most cases, this process is not fatal, it is with the general anesthesia specialists is often associated cognitive impairment.

There is evidence about the more serious consequences of anesthesia. And although, according to statistics, the probability of dying from anesthesia is only 1 in 200 thousand of planned operations and is comparable to the likelihood that you accidentally fall on the head of a brick, the risk of dying within a year after the transferred operations there. Thus the deeper the anesthesia, so this risk is higher. This pattern reveals U.S. study conducted among tens of thousands of patients who underwent surgery. What it involves is unknown.

We can not ignore the individual response to one or another type of anesthesia, as well as the presence of concomitant diseases, which the doctor may not realize. Especially when it comes to small-scale operational or diagnostic medical procedures (gastroscopy, colonoscopy, diagnostic curettage) requiring anesthesia. According to experts, sometimes people deliberately says nothing about its problems before the operation, if only he had not refused to anesthesia, the risk of losing health.

Dangerous awakening

Problems may arise not only from poorly equipped hospitals, the poor quality of anesthesia and physician unawareness of sores lying on the operating table the patient, but the lack of proper control over his condition during general anesthesia. What is fraught with the development of yet another unpleasant complication: during the operation a person can simply wake up.

According to statistics, during inhalation anesthesia that happens in 1% of cases, under anesthesia with nitrous oxide can reach 20%, using ketamine – 25. Only in the U.S. each year, this complication develops in about 20 000-40 000 surgical patients. About one third of these patients, recovery of consciousness is accompanied by pain, no pain at rest, but there is a feeling of discomfort, fear and even panic. Such a dangerous condition that affects the quality of later life: development postressorny syndrome, which, as already shown, is responsible for the development of a number of postoperative complications, including heart attacks, strokes, and disruption of the gastrointestinal tract that may develop when everything has seemed would happily ended.

This problem is known for a long time, but only in recent years, when it began to be discussed in the media and had to joined state and public organizations, the first real successes in its decision. Thus, in the U.S. after a series of high-profile court cases involving the uncontrolled waking up during surgery, 70% of operating and emergency rooms, most equipped with monitors depth of anesthesia, allows choosing the correct dose of anesthetic drugs cause and reduce the likelihood of waking up to 0,002%. In our country such a luxury available only to patients of the leading medical centers.

By the way

After talking with doctors, we have compiled a checklist that needs to know people, decided on the planned operation under general anesthesia:

Popularity: unranked [?]

Beauty – an indispensable component of modern life formula for success. Look young, smart, elegant today as important as succeeding professionally or financially.

It is therefore natural that plastic surgery in the modern world becomes more and more adherents.

The plastic exterior of the improvement is no longer a privilege of the stars and tycoons. Increasingly, ordinary people – such as we are an energetic and highly motivated – at odds with the times.

Plastic surgery today – a fusion of art and precision of technological performance. At the disposal of plastic surgery – not only a scalpel, and laser technology, fiber optic devices, microsurgical techniques. New equipment and materials make surgery less massive, its result – a more predictable and assured. For example, the use of endoscopic technique allows to significantly reduce the cuts, even with a serious operation. A new sutures and bandages to make the patient’s rehabilitation period more comfortable and significantly reduce it. Leading domestic hospitals are not inferior to the western level of equipment.

As for the experience of physicians, we should not forget that the decision of the aesthetic problems are traditionally represented only a third of the total number of transactions in plastic surgery. The vast experience of surgeons, resulting in reconstructive, restorative operations is invaluable in terms of promotion of modern methods and technologies in aesthetic surgery. Discomfort due to the imperfections and flaws in their appearance a person can experience at any age. If the problem is unsolvable by other means, comes to the aid of plastic surgery. Arsenal of its funds are so broad that it allows you to talk about the almost complete absence of patient age restrictions. For example, the most common "baby" operation – correction of prominent ears – already recommended for patients with 6 years of age. Sparing use of modern techniques makes effective aesthetic surgery, even in very old age.

However, a large number of patients, particularly women, concerned about the issue – at what age is best to use the services of aesthetic surgery? The doubts relate primarily plastic face. Experts believe that the first lifting should think for forty years: initial results of aging at this age are already visible, but the skin more elastic, healing is rapid. Certainly, a hard age for all the rules can not be – each individual organism. But for many types of operations rule is: if the flaw is obvious to others and its existence is poisoning your life, you can expect the most impressive results of surgical intervention.

In outlining a timetable for plastic surgery, it should be noted that the full restoration of the body takes time. You are very help yourself if you can at the time "opt out" of the big problems and concerns. The long vacation is absolutely not necessary for most types of surgery, but doctors recommend to reduce the business and emotional stress during the rehabilitation period. With regard to the time of year, then in this respect, there are many prejudices. Many, for example, believe that it is not necessary to plastic surgery in the summer. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, where the average annual temperature above +20 ° C, the number of successfully practicing Plastic Surgeons – the highest in the world. So the operation is best to plan in accordance with their personal calendar.

Popularity: unranked [?]

People who have never encountered inguinal and umbilical hernia, normally can not imagine what kind of disease. The harder they have to, when a strange "bulge" – hernial sac. In this situation, many are beginning to panic, not knowing what to do, whom to contact.

On why there are hernias than they are dangerous, how to treat them, we talked to the professor, MD, PhD, Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery № 2, Moscow Medical Academy named after Sechenov, Head of Surgical Department and head of the scientific department of Clinic Center Phlebology "Alexander Ivanovich Chernookovym.

- Alexander, is there any factors that influence the occurrence of hernias?

Yes. First of all, this is a hereditary predisposition. These people in the body violated the synthesis of collagen, which is why there are diseases associated with "weakness" of the connective tissue. This is not only a hernia, but varices, and hemorrhoids.

A man needs particularly careful about their health, if his relatives are similar diseases.

- Suppose heredity good …

There are other risk factors. Hernia may provoke excessive physical activities, particularly those associated with weight lifting. But sometimes the opposite situation. If a person is not engaged in sports, he has weakened abdominal muscles, which may also contribute to a hernia.

Another risk factor is obesity – is also a burden on the abdominal muscles. Sometimes a hernia occurs as a complication after surgery. Incision on the abdominal wall – a significant risk factor for postoperative hernia.

- How to recognize a hernia?

Usually diagnosed hernia is relatively easy, because hernial protrusion on the body’s hard not to notice. However, there diaphragmatic hernia – when due to defects in the diaphragm (muscle-tendon partitions), you place the protrusion of abdominal viscera into the chest cavity. Most often this occurs through the hole through which passes the esophagus, at least – through a hole in the diaphragm resulting from trauma.

Diaphragmatic hernia is much more dangerous than usual: they are harder to diagnose in their treatment requires more complex operations are more often complications.

In the early stages of the disease during exercise there is a slight pain in the groin, umbilical area. This acute pain is not dependent on the size of hernia: sometimes in the early stages pain is stronger than the later.

When the disease progresses, the abdomen forms a small oval-shaped protrusion, soft to the touch – it’s hard not to notice. This means that in the abdominal wall formed the so-called hernial ring, through which comes from the abdominal cavity hernial sac, which contains the internal organs. Hernial protrusion hampers the execution of physical work, prevents play sports, wear comfortable clothing. But most importantly, that this disturbed the normal functioning of organs that are in the hernial sac.

The later a person begins treatment, the more health problems, he wondered.

- Can a hernia itself "take the place"?

Alas, no. Only in children under five suffering from umbilical hernia, possibly self-recovery. In all other cases, the hernia only progresses, but never disappears. This disease must be treated because complications can be very serious. The most likely cause denial of hernia, inflammation of the hernial sac. When hernia prejudiced, disturbed blood supply to the organs in the hernial sac, resulting in tissue necrosis begins, which can lead to death.

- What are the symptoms of strangulated hernia?

A sharp pain in the hernia hernial protrusion of stress, it can not be right. In this case, you need as quickly as possible to carry out the operation, because the time has gone: a few hours later the consequences could be very sad.

Of course, it is better not bring themselves to such a state and to start treatment in time. Moreover, the operation in case of strangulated hernia are carried out in a matter of urgency, almost without preparation of the patient, which may also affect the results.

- What the doctor should be treated for hernia?

To surgery. Without surgical treatment of hernia is impossible. Even if a small hernia, and there is no infringement, you’ll still need the operation. The fact is that every time a hernial protrusion out, authorities are constantly injured, formed adhesions, ceases to reduce a hernia becomes larger, disrupted the function bodies in hernial sac.

Operations on the suturing hernias do not need to fear, especially now that their technique worked through. Before any operative intervention doctor examines the patient and conducts an ultrasound, which helps to make an exact diagnosis and determine the method of operation.

- As usually operate hernia?

Before the surgeon faces two challenges – the right bodies at the place and close the hernial ring, through which the protrusion. Currently, the main methods of conducting such operations: plastic local tissues and plastic mesh.

- What is a "net"?

This mesh prosthesis, consisting of non-twisted yarns and nepletennyh – porous material, which closes the defect of the abdominal wall – "patches". Approximately 1.5 months after surgery mesh sprouts connective tissue, so that it forms a framework that firmly closes the hernial ring. At the same time, the grid has a definite stretch, so it does not interfere with a person with physical activity, when there is a contraction of the muscles.

- After such an operation, a hernia will not return?

Let’s just say it happens very rarely, because the materials from which is a grid, are highly reliable. The number of relapses (re-pulsion hernia) with plastic mesh does not exceed 1-2%, whereas in the plastic local tissues that happens in 6-7% (three times more often).

When fixing the grid no tension of tissues, as it acts as a patch, whereas in the plastic edge of local tissues hernial openings shrink – there is tension. And this is fraught with postoperative pain.

Plastic mesh allows you to shorten the rehabilitation period, a person can lift weights and play sports within a 1-1,5 months after the operation.

- And how do local plastic tissue?

The edges of the hernial openings are reduced, and take in the hole so that the next layer of tissue covers the previous one. This results in a structure in several layers. Because of this, there is strain on the tissues, causing pain syndrome, disturbance of blood circulation. Also hernias usually present with thinning of the connective tissue, so that when suturing may erupt at the seams, and, hence, there is a possibility of recurrence of disease. Therefore, doctors now prefer to use the grid. Now it is the most modern technique in Europe with its use is up to 75% of operations for suturing hernias, in America to 80%. By the way, they are often performed in a hospital one day, which is also convenient for the patient. 5-6 days after surgery, he can already start to work.

- Is it true that there are operations to treat hernias, which are made through a small puncture?

Laparoscopic surgery (through puncture) is now used in many fields of surgery. However, in the treatment of hernias, this technique has more drawbacks than advantages. This operation must be performed under general anesthesia, it costs 50% more than usual, but it is less reliable than plastic mesh. Therefore, laparoscopic surgery for hernia is rarely done.

- It is believed that the hernia could do without the operation and keep the situation under control with the bandage?

No, I can not do without surgery.

Indeed, sometimes with hernias used tires, special elastic belt, which close the hernial ring and do not give abdominal organs to move in the hernial sac. But this is only a temporary measure. Bandage could not cure a hernia, it does not preclude the pinch, but also contributes to scarring and adhesions in the wall of the hernial sac, which further greatly complicates the operation. So wearing bandages may be recommended only for those who for whatever reason, surgery is contraindicated (eg pregnancy). All other patients suffering from hernia, I would advise you not to be afraid of the operation and not to postpone it. Especially in our time technique of surgical treatment of hernias is worked out for small things, so that the patient can quickly and painlessly solve this problem permanently.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Someone’s heart … For those of whom will be discussed, this phrase has a special meaning. Fate has given these people two lives: one, when they were born, the other – when their breasts a new heart beat. Save their lives became a stranger to death.

The question of life and death

By transplantation in our country regarding the complex. Some consider life at the cost of death immoral. Other delightedly exclaim: this is a miracle! The victim was not for nothing leaves this world. He gives life to another person. What could be nobler and higher?

To those whom fate placed on the counter, not to arguments. They want to live. In spite of everything. Having decided to transplant, transplant patients only think about one thing: how to endure, to live up to the moment when the hospital will do them suitable in all respects authority. World health statistics is inexorable: the suffering of the thousands waiting for a donor only one-third.

- Many are transplants to the cherished for years. Problems of moral and ethical concerns for the oppressed people leave a long wait for the second plan. The patient has been waiting for the death of the individual. He waits an abstract heart, which will prolong his life, – explains the situation Professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Mikhail Vinogradov. Almost twenty years, he advises those who expect or have already passed kidney transplantation operation.

Between despair and hope

No psychological support these patients can not do, says psychiatrist.

Proof of this – a study group of scientists from the University of Heidelberg (Germany). Try to find the answer to the question of how the emotional state of patients before heart transplantation affect their chances of survival, people that have taken place in the transplant, the scientists were given a special questionnaire to assess their psychological state. As a result, 39 out of 103 patients was recorded severe depression.

Trace their fate after the surgery, the researchers found that this circumstance played a fatal part of their lives: preoperative suffered from depression die more often. Typically, this occurred because of the rejection of transplanted hearts, thanks in no small measure contributed to a severe psychological condition of patients. They performed worse than a doctor’s prescription and administration of drugs was passed preventing rejection of a transplanted organ. The results were so eloquent that his supervisor – Professor Tsipfel – proposed to introduce mandatory psychological testing for patients waiting for such an operation.

The same conclusion was reached in Switzerland, studied the psychiatric and psychosocial indicators in 119 patients of University Hospital of Zurich, awaiting transplantation. Of the 119 candidates 48 were in need of heart transplantation, 37 – the liver and 34 – the lung. Approximately a quarter of all patients experienced fear, stress or psychosomatic disorders, which once more proved the need for a psychologist or psychiatrist help patients awaiting transplants vital organ.

Male or female?

No psychological and drug support can not do and those who are harsh road of expectations has already passed. Professor Vinogradov noticed several times, both have undergone transplant donor organ, patients listened to the beating of another’s heart: Do it well, whether it settle down in a new body? It happens. Transplanted into a man a woman’s heart, and he is experiencing: Is the male was found, it will not change his character now, will not be there for a woman quarrelsome and capricious?

However, this kind of conflict with those who went through the transplant, is quite rare. On that, whose heart is beating in their chest, patients try not to think. And the doctors themselves on the subject prefer not to spread.

- In psychiatry there is a concept – the displacement, when removed from the subconscious all the negative, – explains the situation Vinogradov. - After the transplant operations man cares only question is: to survive.

Dar wonderful, priceless gift

Thanks to the man whose body was replaced by the failure of his own, comes later. In memory of doctors a lot of cases where, having come to himself, survived a second birth, patients go to church – to put out the candle. In memory of the stranger, who, dying, saved their lives. Past through the transplant people, they say, in general, are beginning to appreciate every passing day, seeing a completely new way, those things that once seemed to them small and insignificant. And this is perhaps the most surprising, the main metamorphosis of their lives.

Presumed consent

On what would have experienced the feeling of those who knew that their hearts were deceased son or daughter struggling in the breast of another person, hard to say. Fearing an inadequate response from the donor’s relatives, the new owner of his body, as well as about the exemption, we do not say.

Why we’re different from unprofitable advanced in this respect foreigners? In Germany, France, America, Italy and Canada to donate the heart, kidney, liver or lung of the deceased relative in order to save another life – this is a natural step as give blood.

Ten years ago the whole world stirred story of Nicholas Green – seven American boy accidentally killed by bullets mafia during his trip to Italy. Realizing that her son did not return, his parents decided: save others! Thanks authorities learned of his little lifeless body, to live got seven (!) People.

They say that up to this tragedy, Italy ranks last in Western Europe the number of donors. Since then, their numbers are increased several times. After act Grinyov worldwide wave of donations bodies. Today, in many countries, this can be done by filling in the card, in which its originator in the event of his death, claims of consent to donate their organs for the sake of others.

Before this wave of our country, alas, not reached. Today, all the bodies are removed from the principle of "presumption of consent". Legal rights reads: if the life of a potential donor has stated that the objection to the removal of their organs after death, doctors may assume that there is no obstacle to the transplant, and are not required to be made aware of the forthcoming manipulations of his closest relatives. In an atmosphere of secrecy, our doctors do not work from the good life. They need to save the patients. In America, a conscious donation went for decades. Our country is only the beginning of this path.

Popularity: unranked [?]

If a person refuses a body, it is waiting for disability and even death. The idea to replace "broken" parts of the body to artificial analogues occurred long ago. And now, in an age of high technology, it would seem, nothing is impossible …

Not long ago, experts of the U.S. company Abiomed Inc. invented a portable design heart AbioCor. This is a mechanical pump with internal valves and four tube connecting with vessels. Made of plastic and titanium, the unit exactly mimics the work of the human heart.

However, the patient will have to pull on the belt lithium battery weighing less than 2 kg. Implanted in the abdominal cavity detector, which converts the radio signals coming from the external power supply, into electrical impulses. Every 4 hours the battery must be recharged, and at this time connects the internal power supply for up to 30 minutes. battery life. A remote mini-transmitter can monitor the entire system at a distance.

Electronic artificial arms and legs, of course, far more progressive than conventional rubber or wood. However, they still have to shoot at night, because during prolonged wearing stump begins to itch and ache. Yes, and their sensitivity still not high enough.The problem could be solved to develop a "spare" limbs of organics, synthetic DNA-based. Work on this has already started.

Here is the system of artificial vision, developed by American scientists. In sockets blind man set simulators glass eye. In fact, they are the screens that contain light-sensitive elements, and replace the retina. They connect with the muscles remaining visual organs.

With the reduction of muscle position "eye" can be changed by sending them to different objects. This is a blind sunglasses with microchips, transmitting the image on the screen in the electronic unit. Deviate from the block electrodes, the ends are connected to the visual centers of the brain. Connection is either through wires under the skin, or through an external remote transmitter.

When the "eye" monitor records the image, a mini-processor in the earpiece converts it into pulses, and electrodes – to the illusion of light, corresponding to the image. However, up to perfection "artificial eye" is not near as broadcast images are not clearly "focus" in the brain.

Hearing aid until recently could only enjoy hearing people. For example, the electret microphone used high sensitivity. With complete loss of hearing it does not work. Deaf implanted into the auricle, instead of auditory nerve single-channel electrodes, allowing them, for example, to hear the loud calls. But accept the request to them it they could not.

New hearing aids are equipped with microprocessors capable of processing sounds, highlighting their constituent tones, and then synthesize the desired range of sound in the auditory area of the cerebral cortex. No wires from the ears do not stick out – chip implanted inside, and you never would dream that your partner is deaf as a grouse! However, the pleasure is still expensive.

And Chinese scientists led by Professor of Military Medical University, China Jin Yan managed to grow artificial skin …! This discovery is very important for patients who need transplants of large areas of skin tissue.

Looks like ersatz leather adhesive films and milky-white with a diameter of 20 cm like leather, it consists of two layers – the epidermis and dermis, the cells are able to multiply, do not rent the immune system.

Some seriously fear we will not turn over time into cyborgs? And why not, if it will allow us to maintain health and enjoy a full life?

Popularity: unranked [?]

Enlarge lips today is elementary: it is one of the simplest and most popular plastic surgeries. Only the results come out very different. How to protect yourself from failure?

Looking at some show-stars with his lips clearly artificial in origin, one wonders: what is it – error doctor, or, to put it mildly, a peculiar taste of the customer? It is quite possible – and then, and more. One of the reasons of economy, pumping more filler-detective "in store", someone caught a low-quality product, others – incompetent doctor … Let us learn from the mistakes of others.

What begins plastic?

With advice on which the physician is licensed to conduct this kind of manipulation, discussed in detail with you which method of correction of lips for you. I always tell you about possible side effects. If no objection, you sign a contract which lists all the risks associated with injections.

Most injections made immediately after the consultation: the doctor in your presence opens a drug shows a quality certificate.Injections made in the center and corners of the lips; a couple of days keeps swelling, but then, if everything was done correctly, can safely look in the mirror and admire the new you.

Yesterday

The first of polyacrylamide and silicone gel-spies for lips were permanent, that is not reabsorbed. And often turned into a time bomb: a few years after the introduction could suddenly start knolls and migrate under the skin. Predicting the behavior of the gel was impossible, but had to remove it surgically, after which often remained scarred. Fortunately, such materials in good clinics no longer use.

VERY IMPORTANT! If you ever injected into the lips permanent spies, be sure to tell your doctor: the old and new fillers can join together in reaction, and what happens is unknown.

Progressive filling

Modern detective may consist of pure hyaluronic acid, and of hyaluronic acid with the addition of synthetic particles – tiny size of 0,001 microns. Microparticles are needed in order to effect swelling longer maintained.

By itself, hyaluronic acid is rapidly broken down and eliminated from the body.

«Сегодня самые распространенные препараты для введения в губы — Рестилайн (производитель — шведская компания Q-MED) и Сурджидерм (французской компании Corneal), — рассказывает врач-косметолог, специалист по контурной пластике Елена Ковтунова. - There are drug Juviderm (French company Liaderm). All these spies are old, well known, how they work, period of validity can be predicted. Resorbed, usually within 6 months.

Detective must enter the lips evenly, and then how to massage them. If cosmetologist fell incompetent or gel low-quality or stale, at the injection site may occur lumps and bumps.

Zakroma homeland

Another way to plump lips – Lipofilling: through a tiny puncture in the ladies zhirok take away from the belly, thighs or buttocks, cleaned and injected into the lips. No pain: a procedure usually performed under local anesthesia.

Autologous fat as a good detective that does not cause allergic reactions.

But Lipofilling there are negatives – for example, it is impossible to predict how long the effect will stay. It may persist for years, and may come to nothing in 2 months.

Most new

Latest achievement in the fight for sensual lips – surgical technique VY, which changes the shape of the lips without any fillers. "On the inside of the mouth mucosa under anesthesia an incision is made in the form of a letter V, which is then stitched in the form of a letter Y, – explains the plastic surgeon, a member of the European Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery and the Israel Medical Association Dmitry Slosser. - After that, her lips are visually bigger.

The rehabilitation period for new items for no longer than after the injections. The stitches do not have to remove – they dissolve themselves. And the effect lasts for a lifetime.

Popularity: unranked [?]

The crisis of crisis, and patients, plastic surgeons are not reduced. This is understandable: in times of economic difficulties, increasing competition not only in the labor market, but also in the marriage and sex market. Willy-nilly you must not look at all 100 and 120 …

Features beauty industry are great, but not unlimited, there are rarely new. But still there.

Make me Britney Spears

Strange ideas roam in people’s minds. Usual Masham and Vasyam suddenly am dying to become indistinguishable from Angelina Jolie or Tom Cruise. And aesthetic surgery is to meet them.

Formed a new type of service – producing twins celebrities. While these oh-oh-ry difficult manipulation of the face and body usually 1 st grade are sky-expensive – several hundred thousand dollars But wishing to reside. So we may well live to see hallucinations such as: "And yesterday I saw in a club as much three Britney Spears!". And do not twist his finger to his temple – comrade, quite possibly, fell victim to a conveyor beauty.

"Fit" for example starts with perelitsovki. That is face with several successive operations closer to the ideal. Then comes the turn of the figure – then abated, there are queer. The only thing difficult – change in growth. Although this surgery is available today, what convinces us an example of a former hairdresser: thigh bone, or tibia break, and then using the Ilizarov apparatus is lengthened by 10-15 cm But not all agree to destroy their limbs, even for an unearthly beauty. However, because no one really knows the growth of celebrities in cm, and the overall impression can be made through the heels.

Add a little water

Liposuction – suck out excess fat with the help of vacuum equipment – a thing of the ordinary. But its science has improved somewhat. When you see a surgeon shuruet long needle into the body of the unfortunate patient to separate the layers of fat from muscle and skin, involuntarily recall evisceration fat chicken.

But unlike the former lemming "chicken" on the operating table alive, so its gentle on the body after the procedure are bruising, bruises and bumps. To them it was as small as possible, the doctors called to the aid of ordinary water.

A hollow needle, which is designed to suck the crushed fat injected under the skin of the stream water. It turns out a kind of emulsion – and suck it easier, and the process of separating fat less traumatic. Jet, or "wet" liposuction is becoming more popular because of the accumulation of fat in certain social groups, the crisis has no effect.

Lift the ears

The lion’s share of all transactions in beauty salons is to remove excess skin. Eyelid Surgery, chest, neck, hands, knees, armpits, finally, the circular face lift – all in order to remove the excess skin stretching, and remainder to tighten again.

But if you attend to this problem is not 60, and 35-40, you can now save the oval face is not so radical way. It’s called "light-lifting. Both ears are made small incisions, then from one to another under the skin is stretched elastic thread. Through the lower jaw and chin thread gently supports the fabric without letting them hang down, and its ends are fixed behind the ears.Operation is performed under local anesthesia, without anesthesia, which also has its advantages.

Waste – in income!

I remember, was the slogan at the time of adjustment: saving must, therefore, they say, all in one place undue could well be useful in another.

Of all social institutions, embodied in his life, it seems, only plastic surgery. At least, this is where the remote as unnecessary body fat is widely used for modeling of the same body.The service is called Lipofilling, and in the last year or two it became just did supervostrebovannoy.

Indeed, why stick to the body, synthetic products, when you can use our own native fat? It is injected into the lips, chin, cheeks, bust, shoulders, etc. With his help equalize where there should be smooth, and rounded off, where should round.

However, over time, fat cells are still wander through the body in search of better lives, but the procedure can be repeated. The good source of building material is practically endless.

Foreign word

In plastic surgery and cosmetology many beautiful words of foreign origin. This is natural – the whole beauty industry and came to us from the West. However, even where it is possible to do Russian synonymous in these clinics prefer to use something French or English. For example, Thermage. In Russian just warming up. Only a special apparatus, which heats tissue under the skin – this is the wavelength.

Under the influence of heat collagen fibers, which is responsible for elasticity, shrinking and hardening – a skin firmer, respectively, and becomes more dense. Authors technique also argue that under the influence of this process, the formation of new collagen fibers, but this statement will leave on their conscience. With age, production of collagen in the body only decreases with increasing speed, and even inserted under the skin special preparations retain its elasticity of not more than 3-5 months. The effect of Thermage, say developers, lasts from year to year and a half. Check can only empirically.

Harder propeller

Last year, several beauty salons have begun offering a new service for getting rid of cellulite. It is called cavitation. Before the term was known only engineers but physicists. It is called the fracture turbine blades or propellers blowing bubbles of gas or vapor. Shlopyvayas, these bubbles create shock wave, which crunched and iron.

Then he hit upon the idea to apply cavitation in medicine – to this effect works lithotripter. This instrument, capable of using electro-waves to destroy kidney stones. But it turned out that the effect of cavitation can be used to fight fat.

At concentrations of fat on the thighs, buttocks, shoulders, sending low-frequency ultrasound. Since man is 80% of the water in place of irradiation in the fat cells there are small bubbles. They increase in size, and then collapse – a kind of place microexplosions. This "bomb" inside the fat cells breaks her shell. Fat follows the intercellular space and the current is removed lymph and blood. That is why the procedure is always require the continuation of cavitation in the form of lymphatic drainage or massage – the fat should be removed.

The secret of the method is that the number of fat cells we have constantly from birth to death. We are only getting fatter due to the accumulation of fat within each such cell. But the more cells it has accumulated, the more it stretched membrane thinner. So, she quickly burst, but after that the cell itself will never be restored. Therefore, in the salons claim that the effect of cavitation is stored on the rest of his life.

Is it safe to ultrasound effect on the body? After all, everyone knows that poke creatures in a microwave is not recommended. But in a microwave oven uses high-frequency ultrasound. A subwoofer is used in many apparatuses for physiotherapy. So, most likely, the new apparatus to deal with fat injury can not bring. Nonetheless, manufacturers warn that you can take only one procedure in 10 days and the entire course to get rid of "problem areas" such as the hips should not be more than 3-4 procedures a row, then need a break.

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Large breasts often formed as early as adolescence. This is due to heredity, but some breasts are so sensitive to female sex hormones, that with the beginning of sexual development begins rapid and significant growth in the mammary glands, which can reach a weight of 5 kg on each side, and more. With such heavy chest physically, not to mention the serious psychological drama in the soul of a young girl, grieved his ugliness.

In such cases, breast reduction. Aim of surgical intervention for breast reduction involves the removal of the breast and surrounding skin area, which reduces its size. But for the plastic surgeon it is important that this operated iron was the most natural form and retain their function.

There are several methods of operation to reduce the size of the breast, any of which provides for the preservation of natural forms of mammary glands, especially the location of the nipple-areolar complex. Breast reduction is not easy, but long-stay patient in hospital is not required. At the first preoperative consultation the surgeon to take measurements of the patient’s chest in the sitting position and lying down, the degree of sagging breasts, which is necessary for determining the tactics of future operations.

In addition, the mammary glands will be subjected to careful examination to identify any deviations from the norm, especially important to exclude cancer. If a woman is planning to lose weight, then this should be done before surgery, as weight loss after surgery may adversely affect the aesthetic form of the bust. Most surgeons preparing for an operation in advance is marked with ink the planned cuts. The size of future breast woman should stipulate with the surgeon is the first consultation.

Breast reduction is performed under general anesthesia in an average of 3 hours. During surgery, tissue from the lower part of the breast is removed and the nipple is moved upwards to a new position and the edges of the wound stitched in such a way as to give the newly formed breasts the most natural form. The scar around the nipple is at all variants of the operation, which eventually becomes hardly noticeable. Form other unavoidable postoperative scarring depends on the method chosen by the surgeon, the operation of what a woman is informed, of course, in advance.

Some surgeons in the surgical wound for a day leave the drainage tube to prevent the accumulation of blood and fluid in the operated gland. Seams imposed around the areola, are removed at 10 days, others – in two weeks. To scars are well healed, the woman should take care of them, imposing microporous tape during the first 6 weeks after surgery, and avoiding movements that can cause stretching of scars, such as waving his arms.

After the stitches are removed the patient can return to normal life, but after two months and gradually resume sports. Of course, as with any operation, after surgery to reduce the volume of the breast possible complications such as bleeding or inflammation.

The risk of complications during healing more during operations on the really big bust, the elderly and obese women, and especially if they smoke. When you delete a large number of glandular tissue are at risk of loss of ability to breast-feeding may reduce the sensitivity of the nipple. Perhaps bad scarring and curvature of her breasts, but over time these complications leveled.

But what gets a woman after surgery, is not to think about the worst. A full-size breasts would wear feminine clothes, get rid of back pain, to get not only a beautiful posture, but also confidence in her feminine attractiveness.

Popularity: unranked [?]

Many women are confident in the fact that their breasts – are too small. Breast enhancement operation – the decision of psychological problems and a way to make your life happier.

The scientific name of the operation breast augmentation – breast prosthetics.

For many years doctors were thought of an alternative method to the existing method of arthroplasty. Initially, the method of injection when injected into the breast gel or grease. In this case, so that fat caused inflammation, and the gel started to migrate through the body. Difficulties inflammation had to be removed, sometimes with breast cancer. So now the most common and accepted method of breast augmentation in plastic surgery – a prosthesis.

Implant looks like a round bag, having a shell and contains within itself a filler. Envelope prosthesis made of silicone, and filled with a saline or a viscous jelly-like substance.

The choice of fillers during surgery breast augmentation

Until now, medicine is much debate on the topic: "What a filler is still better." Physicians often tend to the filler in the form of saline solution, because it is not alien to the human body, as the human body consists mainly of water. In the case of damage to the shell of the implant, there is a leak. At the same time without problems arising saline is absorbed by the body.But in this case there is a need for a new operation to place another implant, because chest again become flat.

If you use silicone implants with fillers by a solid jelly-like consistency, the problem disappear need a new operation. In the case of damage to the shell of the implant, a firm gel will retain shape and will remain in place. In addition, silicone implants are much more natural to the touch. They are soft and very similar to glandular tissue.

Fizrastvornye implants represent a bag filled with water. Such implants often creates the effect of "unnatural breasts, because they can only take a round shape.

Methods of silicone implants can create different shapes. For the most natural implants are now producing close to the natural breasts – tear-shaped. Most of the breast mass is shifted down, so the top of the breast is not as rounded.

Nevertheless, the feasibility of using silicone in real time remains the subject of harsh debate. In the United States banned the use of silicone, as was the case of detection of breast cancer after plastic surgery. Most surgeons in the world today are skeptical of this fact. Until now, the fact of formation of malignant tumors using silicone found no scientific evidence.Therefore, all popping up that the use of silicone in America can once again be resolved.

Engineering operations to increase breast

Regardless of what the implant used, surgical technique varies slightly.

Dentures are inserted into the chest through small incisions:

The most common method is – a seam under the breast. This method is considered the most secure and reliable, but leaves a seam that is easy to detect if desired.

Possible complications after surgery for breast augmentation

The human body forms scar tissue around the foreign material – whether it is a harmless thread, or breast implants. Therefore, one of the problems of surgery for breast augmentation is a scar. Sometimes it may be too thick, because formed in a membrane of connective tissue. In this case, the chest may be unnaturally firm to the touch.

To avoid such complications in modern medicine is a new technology – textured silicone implants. They represent the same implants, but are covered with microscopic fibers of a certain size. Villi prevent the formation of fibrous capsule, as a transitional zone from the tissues of the body to the prosthesis.

Often decreases the sensitivity of the breast around the nipple, and sometimes even a larger area. This is because the manufacture of pocket for the implant has stretch branchlet tactile nerves to the skin. Sensitivity usually returns after a month or two, and the majority of patients within six months recovering fully. Few patients in different parts of the breast are areas of reduced sensitivity, but they are rarely concerned. If the sensitivity of the nipples is very important for the patient’s sexual life, she should think carefully if she wants to risk reduction in their sensitivity.

Many patients are worried whether the implants will not affect their ability to bear children and not whether breast augmentation surgery have a negative impact on pregnancy and nutrition.No evidence of the existence of such effects is not, so there is no reason to worry about the side effects of this kind. After surgery, breast augmentation is still possible mammography and breast examination.

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Hair loss is a bitter fate of most men. Despite the fact that bald men have never reconciled to his situation, they are gradually losing their self-confidence and pride, sooner or later they have weaker interest in life, which certainly leaves a unique mark on their fate. Hair transplantation is really a revolution in solving this problem. This operation is very effective, besides easily tolerated by patients. With it became possible to return the previous form the majority of bald men in a short time. That is why hair transplantation is very popular in the world, particularly in highly developed countries.

To understand this problem, should briefly touch upon the mechanism of hair loss. There are several types of hair loss due to various reasons for their development – patchy, total, diffuse, androgenic and alopecia in the area of scarring after injuries and burns of the scalp. Most common baldness "male" type, or otherwise – "androgenic" baldness, which, in varying degrees, affected a third of the male population of the world at the age of 20 to 60 years. Androgenic alopecia (baldness) and occurs in women. The cause of this condition is the damaging effect of the male hormone testosterone and its derivatives in the hair follicles located in the frontal and parietal regions.

Under the influence of male hormones-androgens enter sensitive to them follicles. They gradually diminish in size, moved closer to the surface of the skin, lose their ability to produce healthy hair, atrophy, and eventually dissipated. Although hormones common to all men, hair loss is exposed to a genetically predisposed people. Medically assisted treatment of androgenic alopecia is inefficient precisely because hair does not grow without follicles, and follicles are absent. From the atrophied follicle, which is still in the stage of resorption, in rare cases, the effects of medicines can grow hair, but this hair is very thin and weak. Moreover, after drug stimulation atrophied follicle begins to operate in an inappropriate him emergency mode, which further weakens it. As a result, the hair falls out again soon, and the follicle, ultimately, it is still absorbed. So, on the type of androgenic alopecia in areas of the head no longer are of normal follicles, from which could grow healthy hair. At the same time with androgenic alopecia in the occipital and temporal areas is always a halo of hair follicles that, not having receptors for testosterone, remain resistant to the factors of hair loss. Transplantation involves transplanting follicles in the exposed areas of the head of the donor sites (neck and lateral divisions), where they are represented in large numbers. Existing in the donor area follicle always healthy and maintain their normal anatomical and physiological properties of almost until the end of human life. Therefore, the vast majority of bald people are well preserved hair in the occipital and lateral parts of the head.

Thus, transplantation is the movement of follicles from the places where they are represented in large numbers in the places where they are absent. After transplantation the follicles continue to operate normally, and grow from them normal, healthy hair. The only existing in the world the opportunity to restore hair with androgenic alopecia – is their transplant. Other funds, including medication, completely ineffective. It should be noted that some companies manufacture artificial, ie synthetic hair (micro). However, implantation of artificial hair has found limited application due to the large number of drawbacks: they grow, causing painful itching in patients lead to induratsionnym processes, ill-scarring suppurative and other complications, and eventually fall out. For these reasons, the U.S. use of artificial hair for transplantation is prohibited by law.

Thus, the only way to fix the problem adrogennoy alopecia – is a timely redeployment of genetically healthy hair (follicles) on the bare skin areas, ie hair transplantation.

Popularity: unranked [?]